Plant Reproduction and Germination

After fertilization, the ovary develops into the fruit while the ovules become seeds. The embryo develops from the zygote, and endosperm is the nutritive tissue formed from double fertilization. This is a fundamental concept in plant life cycles.

Stratification involves exposing seeds to low temperatures and moisture conditions to break seed dormancy and stimulate germination. Scarification involves scratching the seed coat, while vernalization applies to whole plants.

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This is the correct option.

An aril or outgrowth of the outer seed integument near the hilum called as strophiole is glandular or fleshy and is associated with animal dispersal found in fabaceae family.

Exogenous seed dormancy is caused by conditions outside the embryo. Exogenous dormancy is often categorised into three subgroups: Physical dormancy: Dormancy that is caused by an impermeable seed coat is known as physical dormancy. Mechanical dormancy: Dormancy that occurs when seed coats or other coverings are too hard to allow the embryo to expand during germination. Chemical dormancy: This type of dormancy is caused by the presence of chemicals located in the seed coat inhibiting germination of the embryo.

Seeds require oxygen for aerobic respiration during germination to produce the energy needed for growth. Carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and hydrogen cannot support the metabolic processes required for seed development and will actually inhibit or prevent germination.

The process of double fertilisation means fusion of one sperm nucleus with the egg nucleus and the other sperm nucleus with the definitive nucleus. 

Naked seeds are characteristic of gymnosperms, where seeds develop without an ovary wall (fruit). The integument becomes the seed coat, and the nucellus provides nutrition to the developing embryo - both structures are present in gymnosperm seeds. The absence of the ovary wall is what makes the seed 'naked' and exposed, unlike angiosperms where the ovary develops into a fruit enclosing the seeds.

A caryopsis is a dry, one-seeded fruit where the fruit wall (pericarp) is completely fused to the seed coat, making them indistinguishable - typical of grasses like wheat and corn. An achene has a separate pericarp and seed, a cypsela is similar to achene but develops from an inferior ovary, and a loment is a segmented legume fruit.

This is the correct answer. Seeds do not show respiration as they are warm.

This is the correct answer as both 'b' and 'c' are examples of the life processes 'nutrition' and 'response to stimuli'.

Fertilization is the biological process where male and female gametes fuse to form a zygote. This is the correct term for the fusion of reproductive cells in sexual reproduction.

Cross pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anthers of one plant to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species. This promotes genetic variation and is contrasted with self-pollination.

The generative nucleus in the pollen tube divides mitotically to form two male gametes, which move toward the tube tip. The tube nucleus guides tube growth but doesn't form gametes. Zygote and embryo form after fertilization.