Plant Reproduction and Germination

'Gymno' means naked and 'sperm' means seed. The plants of this group (1) have well-differentiated plant bodies (2) have vascular tissues and (3) produce seeds. Although they produce seeds, but the produced seeds are naked. The seeds are not enclosed in ovaries as in flowering plants. They grow on the surface of modified leaf in a cone.

Angiosperms: 'Angio' means covered and 'sperm' means seed, i.e. covered seeds. In angiosperms, seeds develop inside an organ, which is modified to become a fruit. Thus, seeds get enclosed within a fruit. 

They serve to absorb nutrients present in the seed until the seedling is able to produce first true leaves and then begin photosynthesis.

Gymnosperms have seeds, but lack flowers and fruits.

fact

It is a simple fleshy fruit. It develops from a syncarpous inferior ovary having axile placentation. From the inner wall of the endocarp grow out numerous, thick, swollen hairs containing a syrupy juice. They are edible. For e. g., Orange, Lemon.

The dispersal of seeds by water takes place in coconuts.

Parthenocarpy (literally meaning virgin fruit) is the natural or artificially induced production of fruit without fertilisation of ovules. Therefore, the fruit is seedless.

The plants of banana, rose and jasmine have lost the capacity to produce seeds due to continuous vegetative propagation.

The embryo is the future plant and when it is provided with suitable conditions, it develops into a seedling.

 Scutellum is the equivalent of cotyledon in monocots and supplies food from the endosperm to the growing embryo.

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Monocots are plants having seeds with one cotyledon whereas dicots have two cotyledons.

Pteridophytes are vascular cryptogams. They generally produce spores but do not produce seeds.Bryophytes are non-vascular but spore forming cryptogams.Gymnosperms and angiosperms are vascular and seed forming phanerogams. All seed forming plants are also known as spermatophytes.