Plant Reproduction and Germination

Caryopsis is a one-seeded fruit where the pericarp (fruit wall) is completely fused with the seed coat, making them indistinguishable. This is characteristic of cereals like wheat and maize. Achene has a separate pericarp, cypsela is similar but found in Asteraceae, and nut is a hard one-seeded fruit with unfused walls.

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An aril or outgrowth of the outer seed integument near the hilum called as strophiole is glandular or fleshy and is associated with animal dispersal found in fabaceae family.

Exogenous seed dormancy is caused by conditions outside the embryo. Exogenous dormancy is often categorised into three subgroups: Physical dormancy: Dormancy that is caused by an impermeable seed coat is known as physical dormancy. Mechanical dormancy: Dormancy that occurs when seed coats or other coverings are too hard to allow the embryo to expand during germination. Chemical dormancy: This type of dormancy is caused by the presence of chemicals located in the seed coat inhibiting germination of the embryo.

Seeds require oxygen for aerobic respiration during germination to produce the energy needed for growth. Carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and hydrogen cannot support the metabolic processes required for seed development and will actually inhibit or prevent germination.

Naked seeds are characteristic of gymnosperms, where seeds develop without an ovary wall (fruit). The integument becomes the seed coat, and the nucellus provides nutrition to the developing embryo - both structures are present in gymnosperm seeds. The absence of the ovary wall is what makes the seed 'naked' and exposed, unlike angiosperms where the ovary develops into a fruit enclosing the seeds.

Ginning is the process of separating cotton from seeds.

A caryopsis is a dry, one-seeded fruit where the fruit wall (pericarp) is completely fused to the seed coat, making them indistinguishable - typical of grasses like wheat and corn. An achene has a separate pericarp and seed, a cypsela is similar to achene but develops from an inferior ovary, and a loment is a segmented legume fruit.

This is the correct answer. Seeds do not show respiration as they are warm.

This is the correct answer as both 'b' and 'c' are examples of the life processes 'nutrition' and 'response to stimuli'.

Hydrophilous plants are adapted for water pollination. Their pollen grains have specific gravity equal to water, allowing them to float and be carried by water currents to reach stigmas. Ornithophilous plants are bird-pollinated, entomophilous are insect-pollinated, and anemophilous are wind-pollinated.

Seeds produced by these plants are not enclosed within the fruits.

Seeds remain viable longest in cool and dry conditions because low temperatures slow metabolic processes and respiration, while dryness prevents premature germination and microbial growth. Hot or wet conditions accelerate deterioration and promote rot or early sprouting.