Plant Biology and Classification

The two kingdom classification system was given by Carlous Linnaeus in 1758, who classified living things into two kingdoms: Animal Kingdom (mobile and heterotrophic) and Plant Kingdom (fixed, stationary in the soil, autotrophic). These were then divided into classes and the classes into phyla for animals and divisions for plants. R.H Whittaker proposed the five kingdom classification in 1969, in which all living organisms are divided into five kingdoms based on their complexity of cell structure, complexity of organism’s body and mode of nutrition. The five kingdoms are Monera (prokaryotic BGA and bacteria), Protista (Eukaryotic unicellular organisms; algae and protozoa), Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. The four kingdom classification concept was given by Haeckel who divided living organisms into four kingdoms namely Monera, Protista, Metaphyta and Animalia. BGA and bacteria differ in their kind or reserve food, mode of nutrition, movement and type of photosynthetic pigments. Thus, the correct answer is option C.

R.H.Whittaker was an American plant ecologist who proposed five kingdom scheme. J.B.S.Haldane was a British Indian scientist renowned for his innovative contributions in statistics and biostatics. George Gaylord Simpson was a palaeontologist. Ernst Mayr was a biologist.

The correct answer is D. 

First step is taxonomy is identification of the organism. Identification is the finding of correct name and place of an organism according to some approved system of classification.

According to Linnaeus' system, each species is given a unique, two-part name called a binomen. Each binomen consists of a genus and species epithet. The species is the basic unit of classification and the only 'natural' one.
Correct option is option A.

The correct answer is 'all of the above'

Extinction of a particular animal or plant species occurs when there are no more individuals of that species alive anywhere in the world - the species has died out. When it does not exist at all , preserving it also not possible.

Tissues which are made up of more than one type of cells and they work together as a unit are termed as complex tissues; it includes xylem and phloem. Bryophytes are a group of simple and primitive plants that show alteration of generation between two distinct phases namely a haploid gametophytic and a diploid sporophytic phase. The gametophyte is the haploid plant body which is either thalloid or a leafy shoot with stem-like and leaf-like structures and thread-like rhizoids. It lacks vascular tissues xylem and phloem. Zygote represents the first cell of the sporophytic phase which divides and develops into sporogonium. Sporogonium is differentiated into a foot, a seta and a capsule and serve to produce spores. Thus, all bryophytes lack complex tissues.
All gametophytes are the simple haploid stage that develops from spore and lacks vascular tissues, thus no complex tissues. Pteridophytes are the first vascular plants and possess vascular tissues xylem and phloem. The main plant body is sporophyte which is differentiated into true root, stem and leaves having a well differentiated vascular tissue.
The spermatophytes are the seed plants and include gymnosperms and angiosperms both of which have well developed vascular tissues (xylem and phloem).
Thus, the correct answer is option C.

• Fucus (rockweed) is a type of brown alga and it displays the diploid life history. 
• The zygote becomes the embryo and develops into the mature Fucus. 
• The receptacles are reproductive branches and so contain many cavities with external pores. These pores contain antheridia (male) and oogonia (female)
• The correct option is C.

Haplo-Diplontic life cycle observed in 8 in following plants. This life cycle present only in Bryophytes and pteridophytes. So, sphagum, polytrichum, marchantis and riccia belongs to Bryophyta and selaginella, pteris, dryopteris and polysiphonia belongs to pteridophyta. That's why they consists Haplo-Diplontic life cylcle. 

Bryophytes are known as amphibians of the plant kingdom because they require water for the movement of male gametes to the archegonia. Option B is wrong because sex organs in bryophytes are multicellular. Option C is wrong because the plant body is a thallus, not differentiated into true roots, stems, or leaves. Option D is wrong because Polytrichum is a moss, not a liverwort.

Statement (A) is wrong because the sporophyte in mosses is more elaborate than in liverworts. Statement (D) is wrong because Pinus is monoecious, meaning male and female cones are borne on the same tree. Statements (B) and (C) are correct.