Plant Biology and Classification

Herbarium is a store house of collected plant specimens that are dried, pressed and preserved on sheets. Mosses, Lichens and Conifer cones are preserved in the form of herbarium sheets, in their two-dimensional structure.

The floristic study is the study related to the distribution of plants. A herbarium is a collection of preserved plant specimens. It gives the permanent record of plant specimen. The specimens are stored with a data label. The label describes useful information including the plants' scientific name, the origin of the collection, the date and time of collection and the name of the collector. Herbariums are essential for the study of plant taxonomy, the study of geographic distributions and the stabilizing of nomenclature. Herbaria may also be a repository of viable seeds for rare species.

A herbarium is a collection of preserved plant specimens. It gives the permanent record of plant specimen. These specimens may be whole plants or plant parts. These are in a dried form mounted on a sheet. The specimens are stored with a data label. Herbariums are essential for the study of plant taxonomy, the study of geographic distributions and the stabilizing of nomenclature. Herbaria may also be a repository of viable seeds for rare species and new taxonomy

Lectotype refers to the new specimen selected among the original material collected to serve as holotype when the author didn't designate a holotype. It means the type which is declared later from the original material if the type specimen is not described, missing or damaged.

The herbarium is a quick referral system in taxonomic studies. It is a collection of preserved plant specimens and associated data used for scientific study. So, the correct answer is (C).

Linnaeus described all plant species known to him in his book “Species Plantarum, 1753” in which he used the system of binomial nomenclature for first time. This makes option A incorrect as not all the plant species were described in this book. The scientific names of species are treated as in Latin regardless of their origin; this makes option C incorrect. According to principle of Priority, names published on or after May 1753 (the date of publication of The Species Plantarum) are considered valid; option B is incorrect. According to principle of typification, holotype is a specimen or illustration which is designated as representative of a species and is used for identification of new specimen. It is mandatory to mention the holotype during publication of new species on or after 1 January 1958; option D is correct. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

• Cuscuta is a large and widely distributed genus of twining leafless parasitic herbs.
• Viscum is a common example of partial stem parasites, which grow as parasitic epiphytes on host plants. But it can carry out photosynthesis and manufacture their own food.
• Rafflesia is a parasitic plant that lacks chlorophyll and contains a single very large flower.
• Orobanche is the genus of more than 200 species of the parasitic nature plants.

So, option B is correct.

Fungi reproduces asexually by means of sporangia. Sporangiospores are spores that are produced in a sporangium (plural: sporangia). A sporangium in fungi (but not mosses and some other organisms) is simply a cell containing spores. 

Eranthis was separated from the Ranunculaceae family and elevated to its own family status based on specific embryological and serological evidence.

1. Mucor mucedo is homothallic (self-compatible ) fungi.
2. China rose or Hibiscus flower has both stamen and pistil present on the same plant so it bears a bisexual flower.
3. In Marchantia is a liverwort in which male and female are born on different plants so it is dioecious bryophyte.

The life cycle of gymnosperms have a dominant sporophyte and reduced gametophyte with the female gametophyte retained on the sporophyte. The male and female sex organs are formed in structures called cones or strobili. In gymnosperms both the sexes are separate. Meiosis occurs in both male and female strobili. 

Fungi are a separate class of microorganisms that reproduce by spores and are thus different from plants that require photosynthesis to make food for themselves. Fungi consist of molds, yeast, mildew, and mushrooms. It can be unicellular or multicellular. So all mushrooms are fungi, though not all fungi are mushrooms as there are much more types of fungi than mushrooms. Mushroom is not yeast.

In Whittaker's five kingdom system of classification, only kingdom Plantae have organisms with a multicellular eukaryotic organism with holophytic nutrition. The organisms which are able to synthesize food by photosynthesis are said to have holophytic nutrition. 

Monera is the most primitive kingdom mentioned by R.H.Whittaker. It is not well defined among all five kingdoms- Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plants, and Animalia.