Chemistry · Biology

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

1,643 Questions

Engage with critical pharmacology and therapeutics questions covering drug classifications and therapeutic mechanisms. Topics include chemical absorption, medication formulations, and pharmacogenomics. This collection is useful for students preparing for medical entrance, nursing, and science competitive examinations.

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Pharmacology and Therapeutics Questions

Multiple choice evs - i community health and hygiene disorders of nervous system drug, tobacco and alcohol consumption addiction and dependence

A. Pethidine and Methadone are synthetic opiates.
R. The action of synthetic opiate is similar to morphine, both structurally and pharmacologically.

  1. If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

  2. If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.

  3. If Assertion is true but Reason is false.

  4. If both Assertion and Reason are false.

  5. If Assertion is false but Reason is true.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Pethidine is a synthetic opioid analgesic of the phenylpiperidine class. Methadone is also an opioid medication.
Morphine is also an opioid pain medication. Pethidine and methadone are not structurally similar to morphine. Hydromorphone is structurally related to morphine.
Therefore, the correct answer is option C.

Multiple choice biology economic importance of plants and animals uses of angiosperms importance and classification of angiosperms classification of angiosperms importance of plants

The active chemical drug reserpine is obtained from 

  1. Datura

  2. Rauwolfia

  3. Atropa

  4. Papaver
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation
Reserpine (also known by trade names Raudixin, Serpalan, Serpasil) is an indole alkaloid, antipsychotic, and antihypertensive drug that has been used for the control of high blood pressure and for the relief of psychotic symptoms, although because of the development of better drugs for these purposes and because of its numerous side-effects, it is rarely used today. The antihypertensive actions of reserpine are a result of its ability to deplete catecholamines (among other monoamine neurotransmitters) from peripheral sympathetic nerve endings. These substances are normally involved in controlling heart rate, force of cardiac contraction and peripheral vascular resistance. Reserpine-mediated depletion of monoamine neurotransmitters in the synapses is often cited as evidence to the theory that depletion of the monoamine neurotransmitters causes subsequent depression in humans (c.f. monoamine hypothesis). However, this claim is not without controversy. The reserpine-induced depression is considered by some researchers to be a myth, while others claim that teas made out of the plant roots containing reserpine have a calming, sedative action that can actually be considered antidepressant. Notably, reserpine was the first compound shown to be an effective antidepressant in a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Reserpine was isolated in 1952 from the dried root of Rauwolfia serpentina.
So the correct option is 'Rauwolfia'.
Multiple choice biology chemical coordination and integration hormones coordination in human beings- chemical control endocrine system in humans

Which one of the following act as vasodilator?

  1. Vasopressin

  2. Angiotensin II

  3. Renin

  4. Atrial natriuretic factor
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Atrial natriuretic factor cause dilation of the afferent arterioles and constriction of the efferent arterioles leading to a primary increase in GFR.

So the correct answer is 'Atrial natriuretic factor'.

Multiple choice evs science of kitchen balanced diet and malnutrition assimilation of food components and importance of food skeletal system and muscles assimilation of food and egestion busy at work - our internal organs

Drug that can cause constipation is 

  1. Antiemetic

  2. Antiseptic

  3. Antidepressant

  4. None of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation
Constipation is a condition of the digestive system in which an individual has hard feces to expel out of the body. Medication also cause constipation. Medication that cause constipation include opioids, certain antacids, antidepressants and anticholinergics.
So the correct answer is 'Antidepressant'.
Multiple choice evs science of kitchen balanced diet and malnutrition assimilation of food components and importance of food skeletal system and muscles assimilation of food and egestion busy at work - our internal organs

Most effective treatment of constipation is 

  1. ORS

  2. PEG

  3. NICE

  4. None of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation
Laxative PEG is a medicine used to treat constipation. It works by holding water in the stool to soften the stool so that it can expel out of the body easily. It also increases the number of bowel movement. It is also known as an osmotic-type laxative.
So the correct answer is 'PEG'.
Multiple choice evs science of kitchen balanced diet and malnutrition assimilation of food components and importance of food skeletal system and muscles assimilation of food and egestion busy at work - our internal organs

Which of the following is used as antiemetic?

  1. Antihistamine

  2. Antibiotic

  3. Calcitonine

  4. None of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation
An antiemetic is a drug that is effective against nausea and vomiting. Antiemetics are used to treat motion sickness and side effects of opioid analgesics, general anaesthetics and chemotherapy directed against cancer.
Antihistamine is an anti-allergen drug which is used as antiemetics.
So the correct answer is 'Antihistamine'.
Multiple choice biology chemical coordination and integration mechanism of hormone action coordination in human beings- chemical control endocrine system in humans

Which of the following prevents the accumulation of product?

  1. Positive feedback inhibition

  2. Negative feedback inhibition

  3. Anticoagulation

  4. None of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation
  • A feedback mechanism for multistep reactions is a biological occurrence wherein the output of a system amplifies the system (positive feedback) or inhibits the system (negative feedback).
  • For example, Release of estrogen from the ovaries stimulates the secretion of GnRH from Hypothalamus which in turn stimulates the secretion of LH from anterior pituitary.when the levels of LH reaches above the normal levels in the blood it stimulates the release of progesterone from corpus luteum which causes the inhibition of the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus which in turn leads to inhibition of release of LH(product) from anterior pituitary and prevents the accumulation of LH(product)in blood. Hence negative feed back.
  • Hence Negative feedback inhibition prevents the accumulation of product.
  • So, the correct answer is 'Negative feedback inhibition'.
Multiple choice evs we are special defects of eye disorders of nervous system braille script

Which of the following medicines is used to dilate pupil? 

  1. Atropine

  2. Cocaine

  3. Beladonna

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Medicines which are used to enlarge or dilate the pupil for the eye examination is called as dilating drops such as atropine, cocaine and scopolamine. These chemicals are derived from belladonna. Atropine works by blocking muscarinic receptors, that are found in the muscles of the eye. These receptors are involved in controlling the size of the pupil and the shape of the lens. Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Multiple choice biology soldiers of defense blood clotting and healing of wounds coagulation of blood blood clotting

Anticoagulant is 

  1. Citrate and oxalate

  2. Dicumarol

  3. Heparin

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

All of them are anticoagulant. 'Citrate' is in liquid form and is used for coagulation tests, as well as in blood transfusion bags. It binds with the calcium ion, preventing the coagulation proteins from using them and thus prevent blood from clotting and this can be reversed with the addition of calcium. It can be in the form of sodium citrate or acid-citrate-dextrose.
'Oxalate' is an anticoagulant, which has a mechanism similar to that of citrate. It is used in fluoride oxalate tubes, used to determine glucose and lactate levels.
'Dicoumarol' is a naturally occurring anticoagulant that functions as a functional vitamin K depleter. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.
'Heparin' is widely used anticoagulant. It works by activating antithrombin III, which blocks thrombin from clotting blood. It can be used in vivo as an injectable anticoagulant. It can also be used to form an inner anticoagulant surface on various experimental and medical devices such as test tubes and renal dialysis machines.

Thus, the correct answer is option D. 

Multiple choice biology soldiers of defense blood clotting and healing of wounds coagulation of blood blood clotting

An anticoagulant is

  1. Heparin

  2. Hirudin

  3. EDTA

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Heparin is a natural anticoagulant in the body. Hirudin is an anticoagulant produced by leech while sucking the blood of the host. EDTA acts as an anticoagulant by removing calcium ions from the blood and thus chelates with them.

Thus, the correct answer is option D. 

Multiple choice biology soldiers of defense blood clotting and healing of wounds coagulation of blood blood clotting

An anticoagulant used for preventing clotting in vitro is sodium oxalate. It prevents clot formation by

  1. Combining with cations in the blood

  2. Inhibiting clotting factor VIII activity

  3. Getting itself deposited over the surface of ROC

  4. Blocking the fibrinogen activity
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Sodium oxalate (like citrates) can be used to remove calcium ions (Ca$^{2+}$) from the blood plasma. The oxalate prevents clotting by forming insoluble calcium salts, thus removing ionic calcium (or cations).
Therefore, the correct answer is option A.

Multiple choice biology soldiers of defense blood clotting and healing of wounds coagulation of blood blood clotting

A chemical that prevents blood clotting is most useful in the treatment of

  1. Leukemia

  2. Anaemia

  3. Coronary thrombosis

  4. Haemophilia
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation
A chemical that prevents blood clotting is most useful in the treatment of coronary thrombosis.
Coronary thrombosis is a blockage of the flow of blood to the heart, caused by a blood clot in a coronary artery. It is associated with narrowing of blood vessels subsequent to clotting. Thus, diluting of blood is an effective treatment in coronary thrombosis.
Leukemia is a cancer of blood-forming tissues, hindering the body's ability to fight infection.
Anaemia is a condition in which the blood doesn't have enough healthy red blood cells.
Haemophilia is a disorder in which blood doesn't clot normally. Thus, the correct answer is option C.
Multiple choice biology soldiers of defense blood clotting and healing of wounds coagulation of blood blood clotting

Which one of the following substances, if introduced in blood stream would cause coagulation of blood at the site of its introduction?

  1. Prothrombin

  2. Fibrinogen

  3. Thromboplastin

  4. Heparin.
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Thromboplastin is the initiator of the extrinsic clotting pathway; introducing it directly into the bloodstream triggers the coagulation cascade at that site.

Multiple choice biology useful and harmful microbes mycorrhiza classification of fungi harmful microorganisms

Medicinal importance alkaloids extracted from Claviceps are  

  1. Ergometrine

  2. Ergotoxine

  3. Ergotamine

  4. All of the above
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Ergometrine, Ergotoxine, Ergotamine all are alkaloids of medicinal importance extracted from Claviceps. Claviceps purpurea is an ergot fungus that grows on the ears of rye and related cereal and forae plants. Consumption of grains or seeds contaminated with the survival structure of this fungus, the ergot sclerotium, can cause ergotism in humans and other mammals. Ergotine is a powerful astringent alkaloid extracted from ergot as a brown, amorphous, bitter substance. It produces hallucinating effect on humans.

Thus, the correct answer is option D.