Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Catharanthus roseus, commonly known as the rosy periwinkle is a species of flowering plant belonging to family Apocynaceae. It is native and endemic to Madagascar but grown elsewhere as an ornamental and medicinal plant. It is a source of the drugs vincristine and vinblastine which are used in the treatment of cancer. 

• Interferon alpha is a biological therapy drug.
•  It may be used to treat kidney cancer, melanoma, carcinoid tumours and some types of lymphoma and leukaemia. Interferon alpha is often called interferon.
•  It is usually is used in the treatment of cancer given as an injection under the skin (subcutaneously). 
• Hence, Interferon alpha is used in the treatment of cancer.
• So, the correct answer is 'Interferon alpha'.

Taxus species, specifically the yew tree, are the source of taxol, a widely used anti-cancer drug.

Interferon is the name given to a group of proteins known primarily for their role in inhibiting viral infections and in stimulating the entire immune system to fight disease. Interferons can inhibit cell division, which is one reason why they hold promise for stopping cancer growth. Interferons are members of a larger class of proteins called cytokines (proteins that carry signals between cells). Most interferons are classified as $\alpha$, $\beta$, or $\gamma$ interferons, depending on their molecular structure. Biotechnological advances making genetic engineering easier and faster are making protein drugs like interferons more available for study and use. Using recombinant DNA technology, or gene splicing, genes that code for interferons are identified, cloned and used for experimental studies and in making therapeutic quantities of protein. These modern DNA manipulation techniques have made possible the use of cell-signalling molecules like interferons as medicines.

A- Anaphylaxis is a rapid, severe and generalized allergic reaction which may lead to death. Prompt administration of epinephrine injection can be life-saving. Timely administration of epinephrine injection decreases hospitalizations and mortality. 

Anaphylaxis is a type of severe allergic reaction which can result in the death of the person. The first or the primary treatment which is provided, is that the person is injected with epinephrine which reduces the basic symptoms. Antihistamines are used for the treatment and cure of the allergic reactions. The antihistamines are molecules which are similar in structure to histamine and block the H1 receptors which prevent the release and action of histamines. 

Histamine causes a skin response. If you dont react to histamine, your allergy skin test may not reveal the allergy.

Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen is a widely used over-the-counter pain medication and antipyretic (fever reducer). Paracetamol is also classified as a mild analgesic. 

Reye's syndrome is a rare but serious condition, that causes swelling in the liver and brain. Reye's syndrome most often affects children and teenagers recovering from viral infection (flu or chickenpox). Aspirin has been linked with Reye's syndrome and should be used in caution, while giving to children or teenagers, while recovering from viral infections. Aspirin is a  pain killer or analgesic.
Thus, the correct answer is option (A), 'Analgesics'.

Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones, that bind to the glucocorticoid receptors. They are a part of the feedback mechanism in the immune system that turns immune activity or inflammation down. They are therefore used in medicine to treat diseases caused by an overactive immune system, such as allergies, asthma, autoimmune disease and sepsis.
Thus, the correct answer is option (D), 'All of the above'.

In the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, encapsulation refers to a range of dosage forms—techniques used to enclose medicines—in a relatively stable shell known as a capsule, allowing them to, for example, be taken orally or be used as suppositories. Capsules are made from aqueous solutions of gelling agents, such as animal protein (mainly gelatin) or plant polysaccharides or their derivatives (such as carrageenans and modified forms of starch and cellulose). Other ingredients can be added to the gelling agent solution including plasticizers such as glycerin or sorbitol to decrease the capsule's hardness, coloring agents, preservatives, disintegrants, lubricants and surface treatment. Since their inception, capsules have been viewed by consumers as the most efficient method of taking medication. 

An anesthetic is a drug that blocks the pathway of the motor nerve that carries the response to the effector and the sensory nerves that carries the stimulus from the effectors. Anesthetics differ from analgesics, which relieve pain without eliminating sensation. These drugs are generally administered to facilitate surgery.

Penicillin antibiotic is derived from the fungi Penicillium whereas the other compounds are derived from plant parts like morphine from opium latex, aspirin from salicylate-rich plants, vinblastine from Vinca rosea and coumadin is another name for warfarin.

• The botanical name of ginseng is Panax ginseng. It is from family Araliaceae.  is obtained from the roots of the plant and used to cure a variety of diseases.
• It is used for improving thinking, memory, physical stamina and athletic endurance. 
• Some people use it to help them cope with mental and physical stress and as a general tonic for improving well-being. 
• It is also used for depression, anxiety, for boosting the immune system and for fighting particular infections in a lung disease called as cystic fibrosis. 
• So, the correct answer is option C.

Aspirin is salicylate. It works by reducing the substances in the body that cause pain, fever and inflammation. Ibuprofen is a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug, which works by reducing the hormones that cause inflammation and pain in the body.Acetaminophen is a pain reliever and a fever reducer.
So, the correct answer is  'All of the above'.