Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Digoxin, a purified cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, is used to treat certain heart problems such as some arrhythmias and heart failure. Atropine, an anticholinergic agent obtained from Atropa belladonna, is used as premedication in anaesthesia to reduce upper respiratory secretions.

Gastritis is the inflammation of the lining of the stomach and has many possible causes. Common causes of gastritis are excessive alcohol consumption or prolonged use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin or ibuprofen.

Paracetamol is used both as an ntipyretic as well as antimalarial.

Paul Ehrlich got Nobel prize for Medicine in 1908 for the discovery of antibacterial medicine arsphenamine,known as salvarsan for the treatment of syphilis.

This is an anti-inflammatory drug. Aspirin is part of a group of medications called non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and has antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties but does not affect immunity. Aspirin inhibits the enzyme, cyclooxygenase.

An ACE inhibitor (or angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor) is a pharmaceutical drug used primarily for the treatment of hypertension. It can provoke angioedema but does not progress to anaphylaxis, though angioedema in the throat can be dangerous.

Sodium bromide is an inorganic compound with the formula NaBr. It is a high-melting white, crystalline solid that resembles sodium chloride. It is also known as sedoneural, sodium bromide has been used as a hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and sedative in medicine, widely used as an anticonvulsant and a sedative in the late 19^th and early 20^th centuries.

Actonel is in a group of medicines called bisphosphonates. Risedronate alters the cycle of bone formation and breakdown in the body. Actonel slows bone loss while increasing bone mass, which may prevent bone fractures.

Adipex-P (phentermine) is a stimulant that is similar to an amphetamine. Adipex-P is an appetite suppressant that affects the central nervous system.

Cialis relaxes muscles and increases blood flow to particular areas of the body. Cialis is used to treat erectile dysfunction (impotence) in men.

Amitiza is a chloride channel activator. It increases fluid secretion in the intestines which increases intestinal muscle movement and helps make it easier to pass stools (bowel movements). Amitiza is used to treat chronic constipation in adults.

Diovan is in a group of drugs called angiotensin II receptor antagonists. It keeps blood vessels away from narrowing, which lowers blood pressure and improves blood flow.

Keppra is an anti-epileptic drug. It is used to treat partial onset seizures in adults and children who are at least 4 years old.

Ephedrine is used to relieve congestion due to colds, flu, hay fever,  allergies, and for temporary relief of shortness of breath, chest tightness, and wheezing due to bronchial asthma. It is a decongestant and bronchodilator.

Dilaudid belongs to the group of drugs called narcotic pain relievers (also called opioids.) It is similar to morphine. Dilaudid is prescribed for the relief of moderate to severe pain. It works by binding to certain receptors in the brain and nervous system to reduce pain.