Parts of Speech

Damning modifies indictment (a noun), so it's an adjective. The -ing ending often signals a present participle functioning as an adjective. Adjectives describe or modify nouns.

Dull describes a quality (deadly describes the dullness), so dull is an adjective. Adjectives describe states, qualities, or conditions. The structure [adverb + adjective] is common.

Damp modifies cloth (a noun), so it's an adjective. Adjectives modify nouns by describing their qualities. Here damp describes the condition of the cloth.

Damply modifies clung (a verb), so it's an adverb. The -ly ending typically signals an adverb. Adverbs modify verbs by describing how an action is performed.

Here damp functions as a noun referring to the condition or state of being damp. The structure 'look like [noun]' signals it's a noun. Some adjectives can function as nouns.

A dare is a thing (a challenge), so it's a noun. The article 'a' before dare confirms it's a noun. Nouns name people, places, things, or ideas.

Dangled is the action performed by the subject, so it's a verb. The -ed ending signals past tense. Verbs express actions or states of being.

Here 'fast' refers to 'fasting'. It is a noun.

'Boasting' is an action or a verb. And anything that qualifies to a verb is an adverb.

Anything that qualifies a noun/pronoun, or adds something to it is an adjective. Here 'man' and 'place' are nouns, hence, option 2.

Here 'fast' is taken as an activity of keeping away from the food. Hence, it's a verb.

'Right' or 'wrong' are nouns.

Certainly is the adverb in the given sentence.

Jab is primarily used as a verb meaning to poke, thrust, or punch something or someone. While it can be a noun in some contexts (like a jab in boxing), as a standalone word it is most commonly an action word.

It is a common noun. A common noun is the word used for a class of person, place or thing. In this case it used for a class of animals..