Both cyclic silicates as well as chain silicates have the same general formula: (SiO₃)_n^2n-

Constitutional or Structural isomerism is a form of isomerism in which molecules with the same molecular formula have bonded together in different orders, i.e. they each have a different structural formula. ⇒ Propionaldehyde or propanal (CH₃CH₂CHO) is the organic compound with the molecular formula C₆H₆O. ⇒ 1-Propanol (CH₃CH₂CH₂OH) is the organic compound with the molecular formula C₆H₈O.

Propanal and 1-Propanol molecular formula are different so they are not able to show the Constitutional or Structural isomerism.

In a homologous series, each successive member differs by one -CH2- unit (called a methylene group) when moving up or down the series. This constant difference of 14 atomic mass units gives the series its characteristic incremental physical and chemical properties. -CH, -CH4, and -CH3CH2 are not the repeating units.

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2, where each carbon atom forms four single bonds. For alkenes it's CnH2n, for alkynes it's CnH2n-2, and option D doesn't represent any standard homologous series. The '+2' accounts for the extra hydrogens needed for saturation.

The given compounds CH4, C2H6, and C3H8 are alkanes following the general formula CnH2n+2. The homologous series continues with C4H10 (butane) and C5H12 (pentane). Therefore, the fifth member is C5H12.

Alkenes are hydrocarbons with one carbon-carbon double bond. This reduces the hydrogen count by 2 compared to alkanes, giving the general formula CnH2n where n is the number of carbon atoms.

Alkynes contain a carbon-carbon triple bond. This triple bond reduces the hydrogen count by 4 compared to alkanes (CnH2n+2), resulting in the general formula CnH2n-2 where n is the number of carbon atoms.

Pentane is a 5-carbon alkane, and all alkanes follow the formula CnH2n+2. For n=5, this gives C5H12. The other options represent ethane, propane, and butane respectively.

Geometrical isomerism requires restricted ligand arrangement with cis/trans positioning. Tetrahedral complexes (CN=4) never show it because all ligands are adjacent. Linear (CN=2) and trigonal planar (CN=3) geometries lack the spatial arrangement needed. Square planar (CN=4) and octahedral (CN=6) complexes do show geometrical isomerism.

Geometrical isomerism is a subtype of stereoisomerism where isomers differ in spatial arrangement but not in bonding connectivity. Geometrical isomers have different physical properties. Cis-isomers have identical ligands adjacent; trans-isomers have them opposite.

EDTA is a hexadentate ligand that wraps around the metal ion. In [Co(edta)]-, EDTA occupies all six coordination sites in octahedral geometry. This arrangement creates a chiral center, giving two enantiomers (optical isomers).

Stereoisomerism has two main types: geometrical isomerism (cis/trans, fac/mer) and optical isomerism (enantiomers). All stereoisomers fall into these two categories based on how they differ spatially.

In geometry, a pyramid is a polyhedron formed by connecting a polygonal base and a point called the apex. Each base edge and apex form a triangle. It is a conic solid with polygonal base, like NH₃.

CO₃^2- (32 electrons) and NO₃^2- (32 electrons) are isoelectronic species. CO₂ (22 electrons) and N₃^- (22 electrons) are isoelectronic species. NO₂^- (24 electrons) and O₃ (24 electrons) are isoelectronic species.

Malic acid is a 4-carbon compound.