Modern Indian History

Long Walk to Freedom is Nelson Mandela's autobiography detailing his struggle against apartheid and 27 years in prison. While the other figures are important Indian leaders, this book is specifically Mandela's memoir.

Chess originated in ancient India during the Gupta period. It was known as 'Chaturanga' (four divisions of the military: infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariots). The game evolved from 'Ashtapada' (an 8x8 board game). Brahma Gupta and Chanakya are not associated with chess invention.

The Government of India first started issuing paper currency in 1861 under the Paper Currency Act of that year. Before this, currency consisted primarily of coins and banknotes issued by private banks. The 1861 Act authorized the government to issue paper money, and the first notes were printed by the Bank of England. This marked the beginning of formalized government paper currency in colonial India. The year 1861 is the correct answer.

'The Discovery of India' was written by Jawaharlal Nehru during his imprisonment at Ahmednagar Fort (1942-1946). It's a comprehensive exploration of India's history, culture, and philosophy, written by India's first Prime Minister.

'The Gathering Storm' is the first volume of Winston Churchill's six-volume work 'The Second World War' (1948), covering the period from WWI to 1940. Churchill won the Nobel Prize in Literature for this historical masterpiece.

'Brave New World' (1932) is Aldous Huxley's dystopian novel depicting a future society where citizens are genetically engineered and socially conditioned for predetermined roles. It's a critique of technological control over human nature.

Ravindranath Tagore's 150th birth anniversary was celebrated in 2010 (born 1861). He was the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913, primarily for Gitanjali. The year 2010 was declared as the commemorative year of this Nobel laureate poet.

Subhas Chandra Bose indeed started a mass movement in 1941 against British utilization of Indian resources and manpower for World War II. He was a prominent nationalist who advocated for complete independence and sought support from Axis powers to fight the British. The Individual Satyagraha movement was launched in 1940-1941, and Bose left India in 1941 to seek international support.

Nathuram Godse was born into a Brahmin family and studied the ideologies of both Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (a Hindu nationalist) and Mahatma Gandhi. This ideological conflict between his Hindu nationalist leanings and Gandhi's secular philosophy led to his assassination of Gandhi in 1948. Godse was deeply influenced by Savarkar's writings while also engaging with Gandhi's ideas.

The 2006 International Gandhi Peace Prize was awarded to Shabana Azmi for her work in promoting communal harmony and social justice. Baba Amte received it earlier (1999), while Nelson Mandela (2000) and John Hume (2002) were also previous recipients.

The National Film Awards were first presented in 1954 to recognize excellence in Indian cinema. They were established shortly after independence to promote quality filmmaking in the newly independent nation.

Subhas Chandra Bose was posthumously awarded Bharat Ratna in 1992, but the award was withdrawn in 1992 due to controversy about the circumstances of his death and lack of definitive evidence. It remains the only Bharat Ratna ever withdrawn. Mahatma Gandhi was never awarded (despite being eligible), and M.G.R. and Abdul Kalam were recipients.

Mahatma Gandhi was never awarded the Bharat Ratna, despite being widely regarded as deserving it. There were multiple proposals to award him posthumously, but these were controversial. The Government later officially stated that Gandhi would not be given the award to maintain its sanctity.

This quote is attributed to Benjamin Franklin and reflects his wisdom about emotional regulation. Franklin, one of America's Founding Fathers, was famous for his aphorisms and practical philosophy in Poor Richard's Almanack. The quote means that actions or decisions made in anger typically lead to negative outcomes or regret. Gandhi, Julius Caesar, and Indira Gandhi, while great leaders, are not associated with this specific quote.

This quote is attributed to Mahatma Gandhi and reflects his philosophy of active pursuit and asking for rights. Gandhi believed in the importance of self-reliance and actively advocating for what is right, rather than passively accepting situations. Benjamin Franklin and Indira Gandhi had different philosophical approaches, and Julius Caesar predates this modern rhetorical style.