Modern Indian History

The Dandi March began on March 12, 1930, when Gandhi and 78 satyagrahis walked 240 miles from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi to make salt in defiance of the salt tax. This pivotal event in the Civil Disobedience Movement ended on April 6, 1930. The Salt Satyagraha continued beyond 1930; 1931 saw the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.

Rabindranath Tagore first addressed Gandhi as 'Mahatma' (Great Soul) in 1915, and the honorific became widely adopted. Tagore wrote a famous letter addressing him thus, recognizing Gandhi's spiritual leadership. Motilal Nehru was a senior Congress leader; CR Des was Gandhi's contemporary in Bengal; Bose respectfully called him 'Mahatma' but didn't coin the term.

The first cricket club formed by Indians was the Oriental Cricket Club in 1848 in Mumbai (then Bombay). This was established during British colonial rule and marked the beginning of organized cricket by Indians. 1848 is the correct year.

Pingali Venkayya, a freedom fighter from Andhra Pradesh, designed the Indian national flag. He suggested the idea of having a national flag to Mahatma Gandhi and designed several versions before the final tricolor was adopted. Gandhi supported the idea but didn't design it.

Max Muller was a German-born philologist and Orientalist who translated the Vedas into English. His translation of the Sacred Books of the East, including the Vedas, made these ancient Hindu scriptures accessible to Western audiences. The other options are notable figures but not associated with Vedic translation.

King Ashoka established the first known hospitals in India during his reign (3rd century BCE). He built healthcare facilities for both humans and animals as part of his welfare state, reflected in his edicts.

The Indian Penal Code was enacted in 1860 but actually came into force in 1862. It remains the primary criminal code of India, defining offenses and prescribing punishments.

The Supreme Court of India was inaugurated on January 28, 1950, two days after India became a Republic. It replaced the Federal Court of India and the Privy Council as India's highest judicial authority.

The first official tour of an Indian cricket team to England took place in 1911, led by the Maharaja of Patiala. Although they played many matches, it was before India was granted Test status in 1932.

The Howrah Bridge in Kolkata was renamed Rabindra Setu in 1965 to honor Rabindranath Tagore, the Bengali poet and Nobel laureate. 'Setu' means bridge in Sanskrit/Bengali.

In 1911, King George V announced at the Delhi Durbar that the capital of British India would shift from Kolkata to Delhi. The move was completed in 1931 when New Delhi was inaugurated. 1910 is too early, while 1912-1913 post-date the official announcement.

Kolkata's electric tram system began operations in 1902, making it Asia's oldest operating electric tram. Horse-drawn trams ran earlier from 1873, but the electric system started in 1902. 1900-1901 are too early for electric trams, and 1903 is post-inception.

The Constituent Assembly of India officially adopted Jana Gana Mana as the national anthem on January 24, 1950. January 26, 1950 is when India's Constitution came into effect (Republic Day), which can cause confusion.

Rabindranath Tagore composed Jana Gana Mana in Bengali in 1911, originally titled 'Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata'. It was adopted as India's national anthem in 1950.

The Sepoy Mutiny, also known as India's First War of Independence, took place in 1857. This uprising against British rule began with mutinies by Indian soldiers (sepoys) in the British East India Company's army and spread across northern and central India. It marked a significant turning point in India's independence movement.