Modern Indian Historical Figures

Mahatma Gandhi was married to Kasturba Gandhi at the age of 13 in May 1883, according to the custom of child marriage prevalent in 19th century India. Kasturba was 14 at the time. Therefore, option B (13) is correct.

Dr. Manmohan Singh was born in Gah, a village in the Punjab province of British India (now in Pakistan). His family migrated to India during the 1947 partition. Gah is located in the Chakwal district of present-day Punjab, Pakistan.

C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) was the last Governor General of India, serving from June 1948 to January 1950. Lord Mountbatten was the FIRST Governor General of independent India (1947-1948). Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was the Home Minister, and Lord Curzon was a much earlier Viceroy (1899-1905).

Rani Laxmi Bai, the Queen of Jhansi and a key figure in the Indian Rebellion of 1857, was born on November 19, 1828. She became a symbol of resistance against British rule. Maharana Pratap was born in 1540, Tipu Sultan in 1751, and Sant Ramdas in 1608.

Mangal Pandey, a key figure in the Indian Rebellion of 1857, was born on July 19, 1827. He was a sepoy in the British East India Company army and is known for his role in sparking the rebellion. Mahatma Jyotirao Phule was born in 1827 but on April 11, Guru Nanak in 1469, and Guru Hargobind in 1595.

Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905, ordered the partition of Bengal in 1905. The partition divided the province along Hindu-Muslim lines, claiming administrative efficiency but widely seen as "divide and rule" politics. It was later annulled in 1911 due to massive opposition.

Tipu Sultan's full name was Sultan Fateh Ali Khan Shahab and he was the ruler of Mysore who pioneered the use of iron-cased rockets in warfare, which A.P.J. Abdul Kalam acknowledged as the world's first war rockets. The other options were different historical figures - Siraj-ud-Daulah (Nawab of Bengal), Tatya Tope (1857 rebel), and Shivaji (Maratha Empire founder).

Bahadur Shah Zafar was the last Mughal Emperor who became the symbolic leader of the 1857 rebellion and was exiled to Rangoon (Yangon), Burma after its failure, where he died in 1862. The other options are fabricated - there was no Bahadur Shah III, Bakhtiyar, or I in this context. The Mughal line ended with Zafar.

Lord Canning was Governor-General of India when the 1857 Revolt began. He served from 1856-1862 and became the first Viceroy of India after the rebellion. The revolt started in May 1857 with the sepoy mutiny at Meerut, spreading across northern India.

Chandrasekhar Azad (1906-1931) famously vowed never to be captured alive by the British and carried a pistol to end his own life if cornered. In 1931, surrounded by police at Alfred Park in Allahabad after being betrayed by an informer, he shot himself to avoid arrest, dying as he had lived - a free man. His last words reflected his revolutionary commitment to freedom.

Lord William Bentinck (Governor-General 1828-1835) initiated English education in India through the 1835 English Education Act, promoted by Macaulay's minute. This made English the medium of instruction. Hastings, Curzon, and Ripon had different roles - Curzon actually later opposed excessive Westernization.

The Battle of Plassey (1757) was fought between Siraj-ud-Daula's forces and the British East India Company led by Lord Clive. Clive's victory marked the beginning of British political control over India.

Sir Archibald Nye was the last British Governor of Madras Presidency who continued in office even after India's independence on August 15, 1947. He served from 1946 to 1948. This was part of the transitional arrangement where some British officials continued briefly to ensure administrative continuity before Indian officials took over.