Modern Indian Historical Figures

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was called 'Indian Bismarck' for his role in unifying princely states, similar to how German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck unified German states in the 19th century. The comparison highlights Patel's statecraft and diplomatic achievement in post-independence India.

Major General Rajinder Singh was given the title 'Sparrow' - a reference to his light, fast-moving cavalry tactics. This nickname honored his military service and distinctive leadership style.

Lord Mountbatten served as the last Viceroy of India from 1947 to 1948, overseeing the partition of India and Pakistan. He presented the Mountbatten Plan for the transfer of power. Lord Dalhousie (1848-1856) was known for doctrine of lapse, Lord Wellesley (1798-1805) for subsidiary alliances, and Lord William Bentinck (1828-1835) for social reforms like sati abolition.

Lala Lajpat Rai earned the title 'Punjab Kesari' (Lion of Punjab) for his fearless leadership in the Indian independence movement, particularly in Punjab. He was a key figure in the Lal-Bal-Pal triumvirate along with Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal, and died in 1928 after injuries sustained during a lathi charge protest against the Simon Commission.

Khudiram Bose, at the age of 16-18, became one of the youngest revolutionaries in the Indian independence movement. He threw a bomb at a carriage carrying British magistrate Kingsford in 1908, though it mistakenly killed two British women instead. He was arrested and hanged at age 18.

Bhagat Singh was born on September 28, 1907 (28 Sep). He was a legendary revolutionary socialist who became a symbol of resistance against British rule. His execution at age 23 in 1931 made him a martyr and inspired countless others in the freedom struggle.

The Treaty of Srirangapatna was signed in 1792 after the Third Anglo-Mysore War between Tipu Sultan and Lord Cornwallis, the British Governor-General of India. This treaty marked a humiliating defeat for Tipu, forcing him to surrender half his territories and pay a large indemnity. Robert Clive was active earlier (1750s), Dalhousie much later (1840s-1850s), and Warren Hastings was Cornwallis's predecessor.

C. Rajagopalachari was the first Indian Governor General of independent India (1948-1950). Before him, the position was held by British appointees including Lord Mountbatten. Dr. Rajendra Prasad became President when India became a Republic in 1950.

Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev Thapar were executed by the British colonial government on March 23, 1931, in Lahore. Their martyrdom became a rallying point for India's independence movement.

The Permanent Settlement (also known as the Permanent Settlement of Bengal) was introduced in 1793 by Lord Cornwallis. This system fixed land revenue demands and created a class of zamindars (landlords), fundamentally altering the agricultural economy of Bengal.

Job Charnock, an officer of the British East India Company, founded Kolkata in 1690 when he chose the site for a factory and trading post. The three villages of Sutanuti, Gobindapur, and Kolkata were developed by the British into a major city. The other options (Lord Cornwallis, Lord Curzon, Lord Mountbatten) were later viceroys.

Job Charnock, an East India Company administrator, founded Kolkata in 1690 by merging three villages: Sutanuti, Gobindapur, and Kalikata. While Kolkata served as British India's capital until 1911, the question's language is simplified. The other options use misspelled names of British viceroys.