Medieval and Modern Indian History

Sher Shah reconstructed following highways:-

(a) The first which ran from Sonargaon (near Dacca) via Agra, Delhi and Lahore to the Indus,

(b) The second which ran from Agra to Jodhpur and the fort of Chittor,

(c) The third which ran from Agra to Burhanpur, and

(d) The fourth which ran from Lahore to Multan.

Sher Shah Suri implemented significant economic reforms to boost trade. By abolishing internal duties and consolidating taxes at the point of import and sale, he simplified the commercial process and reduced corruption.

Sher Shah Suri died in 1545 during the siege of the Kalanjar fort due to an accidental explosion of gunpowder. His body was later interred in the mausoleum he had commissioned at Sasaram.

Sher Shah Suri defeated the Mughal Emperor Humayun in two major battles: the Battle of Chausa in 1539 and the Battle of Kannauj in 1540. Chausa is the correct location listed among the options.

The administration under Sher Shah was divided into units called Sarkars. The chief official in charge of a Sarkar was the Shikdar-i-Shikdaran, often referred to as the Shikdar.

Sher Shah was the first Muslim ruler who got the whole of the land measured After land measurement, the productivity of land was estimated to fix the revenue demand per unit of measured area. Sher Shah divided the land into three categories - good, middling and bad as per their productivity. After measuring land in Bighas then half of it was fixed as the land tax

In 1543, Sher Shah Suri with a huge force of 80,000 cavalry set out against Maldeo Rathore. Maldeo Rathore with an army of 50,000 cavalry advanced to face Sher Shah's army. Instead of marching to the enemy's capital Sher Shah halted in the village of Sammel in the pargana of Jaitaran, ninety kilometers east of Jodhpur. After one month, Sher Shah's position became critical owing to the difficulties of food supplies for his huge army. To resolve this situation, Sher Shah resorted to a cunning ploy. One evening, he dropped forged letters near the Maldeo's camp in such a way that they were sure to be intercepted. These letters indicated, falsely, that some of Maldeo's army commanders were promising assistance to Sher Shah. This caused great consternation to Maldeo, who immediately (and wrongly) suspected his commanders of disloyalty. Maldeo left for Jodhpur with his own men, abandoning his commanders to their fate.After that Maldeo's innocent generals Jaita and Kunpa fought with the just 20,000 men against an enemy force of 80,000 men. In the ensuing battle of Sammel (also known as battle of Giri Sumel), Sher Shah emerged victorious, but several of his generals lost their lives and his army suffered heavy losses. Sher Shah is said to have commented that "for a few grains of bajra (millet, which is the main crop of barren Marwar) I almost lost my entire kingdom."

Sher Shah's last campaign was against Kalinjar; it was a strong fort and the key to Bundelkhand. During the siege, a gun burst severely injured Sher Shah. He died in 1545 after he heard that the fort had been captured.

The tripartite struggle for control over Kannauj involved the Rashtrakutas, the Palas, and the Pratiharas.

The Battle of Haldighati, took place in the year 1576 AD between Rana Pratap Singh, the great Hindu Rajput ruler of Mewar in Rajasthan and Raja Man Singh of Amber, the great general of the Mughal Emperor Akbar. Akbar besieged and occupied three important areas of Mewar including Goganda, Udaipur and Kumbhalmir. Maharana Pratap escaped during the course of the war.

Prince Chain Singh of Narsinghgarh revolted against the British after being insulted by the political agent Maddoc at the Sehore Cantonment, leading to a confrontation.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the Sikh ruler of Punjab.

The Treaty of Amritsar of 1809 was an agreement between the British East India Company and Ranjit Singh at Amritsar. The treaty settled Indo-Sikh relations for a generation. Although the terms of the treaty prevented Singh from any further territorial expansion south of the Sutlej, they also permitted him complete freedom of action to the north of it.

The British were concerned about potential Russian expansion into Central Asia and India, leading them to seek alliances with regional powers like Ranjit Singh to act as a buffer.

India has fought four wars with Pakistan which are as follows: