Medieval and Modern Indian History

The Treaty of Amritsar of 1809 was an agreement between the British East India Company and Ranjit Singh at Amritsar. The treaty settled Indo-Sikh relations for a generation. Although the terms of the treaty prevented Singh from any further territorial expansion south of the Sutlej, they also permitted him complete freedom of action to the north of it.

The British were concerned about potential Russian expansion into Central Asia and India, leading them to seek alliances with regional powers like Ranjit Singh to act as a buffer.

India has fought four wars with Pakistan which are as follows: 

The Bangladesh War of Independence or the Bangladesh Liberation War refers to an armed conflict between West Pakistan now Pakistan and East Pakistan now known as Bangladesh that lasted for roughly nine months in 1971. The war resulted in Bangladesh's independence from Pakistan.

Prime Minister Indira Gandhi had concluded that instead of taking in millions of refugees, it was economical to go to war against Pakistan. As early as 28 April 1971, the Indian Cabinet had asked General Manekshaw to go into East Pakistan. Hostile relations in the past between India and Pakistan added to India’s decision to intervene in Pakistan’s civil war. Resultantly, the Indian government decided to support the creation of a separate state for ethnic Bengalis by supporting the Mukti Bahini.

Kashmir the northern most state of India is the reason for conflict between the two countries India and Pakistan. It is known for its majestic landscape. The territory under dispute lies in India's Kashmir Valley, separated from Pakistan by the 450-mile Line of Control. 

The British victory under Robert Clive at Plassey in Bengal was a crucial event in the history of India. It was a decisive victory of the British East India Company over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies on 23 June 1757.  The British after the victory acquired significant concessions for previous losses and revenue from trade which was later used for the expansion of the British empire. The battle bought a major change to the company's trade structure as it opened gates for personal fortunes.

In 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, Nawab Mir Jafar conferred the 24 Paraganas of Bengal to the British and also the Jangli mahals (small administrative units), as a result he was propped up as the Puppet Nawab.

The battle between Siraj ud-Daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal and the East India Company happened during the year 1757 and it was known as Battle of Plassey.

Also known as Vrjii, Vajji was an alliance of neighbouring clans including Licchavis and one of the principle Mahajanpadas. They ruled the Mithila region in the Northern Bihar and had Vaishali as their capital. Their administration was called "Vajji Sangha" or "Vajji Gana Parishad". Eminent people were chosen from each district, called "Khanda" as the representatives of the government. They were called "gana mukhyas", and the chairman of the council was called "ganapramukh" but often was referred to as the king. 

The Mughal emperors Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan patronised highly skilled painters who primarily illustrated manuscripts containing historical accounts and poetry. With the decline of the Mughal Empire, many painters moved out to the courts of the emerging regional states. As a result Mughal artistic tastes influenced the regional courts of the Deccan and the Rajput courts of Rajasthan.

Stories about Rajput heroes were recorded in poems and songs, which were recited by specially trained minstrels. These preserved the memories of heroes and were expected to inspire others to follow their examples.

Sometimes, women figure as the cause for conflicts, as men fought with one another to either "win" of "protect" women. Women are also depicted as following their heroic husbands in both life and death.

As the temple gained importance as a center of pilgrimage, its authority in social and political matters also increased. All those who conquered Orissa, such as the Mughals, the Marathas and the English East India Company, attempted to gain control over the temple. They felt that this would make their rule acceptable to the local people.

Direct Action Day was initiated on 16 August 1946 by the Muslim League, to achieve their demand for a separate nation for Muslims called Pakistan. Stabbing, throwing of stones and brickbats started. There were widespread riots in Calcutta and turned into the “Great Calcutta Killing”.

Gadia lohars are a nomadic community in Rajasthan. The members of this tribe were the blacksmiths in the army of Maharana Pratap of Mewar. They were very useful to the army as they were involved in making weaponry.