Medieval and Modern Indian History

The Treaty of Amritsar (1809) established the Satluj River as the boundary between the British Empire and the Sikh Empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

In the early of sixteenth century Babur used Hindustan to describe the geography, the fauna, and the culture of the inhabitants of the subcontinents.

Following were the reasons for the outbreak of second Anglo-Sikh war.

• Sikhs were not happy with British ruling them.
  
• Treaty of Lahore did not last long and the resignation of the governor of Multan led to chaos in Punjab.
  
• Queen Mother Jindan was arrested and charged with treason for inciting other Sikhs. She was deposed. This disgraceful behaviour with queen mother led to the outbreak of war.
  

Second Anglo-Sikh war broke out between the years 1848 and 1849. On January 22, the Multan fortress was taken by General Wish, then he proceeded to Gujarat battle in which the Sikh army had to surrender at Rawalpindi, and their Afghan allies were chased out of India.

First Anglo-Sikh war was fought between the years 1845 – 1846. Between 1845 and 1849 Sikhs and British fought two battles. One battle was fought on 28th January at Aliwal and the other battle was fought on 10th February at Sobraon. These battles resulted in Treaty of Lahore.

The Treaty of Lahore was signed on 9 March 1846 after the First Sikh War.

• As a part of the treaty, Sikhs agreed to give away  Kashmir, Hazara and Jalandhar Doab to the British. 
  
• 1.5 Crore rupees was paid as war indemnity
  
• King agreed that he would not make an appointment to service without the consent of the British.
  
• The treaty also resulted in famous Kohinoor diamond falling into the hands of British.
  

Maharaja Ranjit Singh was invited to take control of Lahore by the prominent residents (citizens) of the city who were dissatisfied with the rule of the Bhangi Sardars.

The conquest of Lahore was a major turning point that established Ranjit Singh as a significant political power in the region and greatly enhanced his prestige and popularity.

The Battle of Bhasin (1800) resulted in the defeat of the Bhangi Sardars without a major direct conflict, as they fled upon the arrival of Ranjit Singh's forces.

The Battle of Sobraon ended the First Sikh War. It resulted in the defeat of Sikh by East India Company. The Treaty of Lahore was signed on 9 March 1846 after the First Sikh War. As part of the treaty the Sikhs agreed to handover Kashmir and Hazara and Jalandhar Doab to the British.

The Treaty of Lahore was signed on 9 March 1846 after the First Sikh War. As part of the treaty, the Sikhs agreed to handover Kashmir and Hazara and Jalandhar Doab to the British. It was due to this treaty that Kohinoor diamond was handed to the British.

The decline of the Mughal Empire was a complex process caused by a combination of economic instability, succession wars, foreign invasions, and internal rebellions.

• Humayun was unable to properly estimate the increasing power of Sher Shah.
• The presence of large numbers of Afghan tribes across the north India and their nature of getting united under a capable leader was ignored by him.
• Without getting the support of the local rulers and zamindars, the Mughals were bound to remain numerically inferior.

The battle of Kannauj took place in May 1540, Humayun was defeated in the hands of Sher Khan because the gun powder carried by Humayun soldiers were kept in open ground and due to heavy rain it got wet and became unusable.

Emperor Nader Shah was a Persian invader and founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Persia. He invaded the Mughal Empire, eventually attacking Delhi in 1739. He got enormous wealth by looting the Mughal Empire.