Medieval and Modern Indian History

The Maratha administration under the Peshwas functioned as a confederacy (often referred to as a Mandala or Sangha), where various Maratha chiefs held significant autonomy while nominally acknowledging the Peshwa's leadership.

The First Battle of Panipat in 1526 was fought between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi, marking the beginning of the Mughal Empire.

Shivaji Maharaj established the Maratha kingdom by challenging and capturing territories from both the Adil Shahi dynasty of Bijapur and the Mughal Empire.

Shaistakhan set up his camp at Lal Mahal in Pune where Shivaji Maharaj had lived his childhood. Khan sent his forces in the regions around Pune. These forces looted the people.

The Marathas asserted their political importance during 700 and 1750 CE period. Chatrapati Shivaji directly challenged the Mughal supremacy.

Shivaji started his conquest in 1646 A.D by conquering the fort of Torna.
In 1646 due to serious illness of the Sultan of Bijapur and the consequent disorders in his kingdom gave Shivaji much desired opportunity and he captured the fort of Torna.

Hicky's Bengal Gazette or the Original Calcutta General Advertiser was an English language weekly newspaper published in Kolkata, the capital of British India. It was the first newspaper printed in Asia in 1780 and was published for two years before the East India Company seized the newspaper's types and printing press in 1782. Hence, Option A is correct. Among the rest, Samachar Darpan was a Bengali weekly newspaper published by the Baptist Missionary Society and published on 23 May 1818 from the Baptist Mission Press at Serampore in the first half of the 19th century. Kesari is a Marathi newspaper which was founded in 1881 by Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a prominent leader of the Indian Independence movement. Sambad Prabhakar was a Bengali daily newspaper founded by Ishwar Chandra Gupta. It began as a weekly newspaper in 1831 and became a daily eight years later in 1839. Since none of these were published in the 1700s, these are incorrect. 

Hicky's Bengal Gazette was indeed first published on January 29, 1780, in Calcutta.

The war was a conflict between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company from 1780 to 1784. Hyder Ali formed a confederacy against British which included Nizam of Hyderabad, the Poona government and Bhonsle of Nagpur. The result was victory of British forces and the war ended with the signing of Treaty of Mangalore.

Hyder Ali rose to power in the 18th century and established himself as a formidable ruler of Mysore, frequently challenging the Marathas, the Nizam of Hyderabad, and the Nawab of the Carnatic.

Hyder Ali was an eminent commander in Dalawoy Nanjarajaiahs army. He was brave and adventurous. He won many battles and accumulated army and wealth. This made him gain respect from the king. When there was a revolt in the capital city, Hyder Ali suppressed it and restored the Kingship of Krishnaraja Wodeyar and removed the Dalawoy and took over the administration. The British could not digest the expansion of the Mysuru kingdom under the Hyder Ali. This led to the Anglo-Mysuru wars. In the first war, the British suffered heavy defeat and had to sign the treaty of Madras with Hyder Ali.

Tippu Sultan was the son of Hyder Ali. Tippu participated in his fathers battles actively and emerged as winner and declared himself as the Sultan. Tippu led the Second Anglo-Mysuru war when his father Hyder Ali died in the battle due to illness. After the death of his father he continued the Anglo Mysuru wars. Nobody came to help him. He fought against Britishers bravely. At last the British signed the Treaty of Mangaluru. This treaty was beneficial for both parties. Both the parties returned their captured areas and exchanged the prisoners of war. This treaty increased the stature of Tippu. The 3rd Anglo Mysuru war resulted in the British defeating Tippu and capturing half his kingdom and 330 lacs as cash. This humiliating defeat was too much for Tippu to digest which resulted in the 4th Anglo Mysuru war resulting in his defeat and death.

Hyder Ali was an eminent commander in Dalawoy Nanjarajaiahs army. He was brave and adventurous. He won many battles and accumulated army and wealth. This made him gain respect from the king. When there was a revolt in the capital city, Hyder Ali suppressed it and restored the Kingship of Krishnaraja Wodeyar and removed the Dalawoy and took over the administration. 

The period of wars ended with the fall of Tippu Sultan. The British took over the Mysuru state and divided into four parts among Marathas, Nizam and themselves. The remaining one part was returned to Mysuru Wodeyars. Krishnaraja Wodeyar III was brought to power. Since, Krishnaraja Wodeyar III was only five year old boy, Poornaiah was appointed as the Diwan of Mysuru.

The Royal Indian Navy was the naval force of British India. It was renamed from the Royal Indian Marine in 1934.