Medieval and Islamic History

The mature phase of the Harappan culture is generally dated to have lasted for approximately 700 to 800 years, though the broader civilization spanned about 1000 years in its peak period.

Archaeological evidence shows that both men and women in the Indus Valley Civilization wore various types of ornaments, such as necklaces, bangles, and rings, making the claim that only women wore them false.

The silver coin known as the 'rupiya' was first introduced in India by Sher Shah Suri during his reign.

Sir Thomas Roe was an English diplomat who visited the court of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir in 1615.

 Firoz Shah was famous for building the roads

Humayun was the second Mughal Emperor and the father of Akbar the Great.

Akbar was born in 1542 at the Amarkot Fort in present-day Pakistan, while his father Humayun was in exile. The other locations listed are major cities associated with his reign or later history, but not his birthplace.

When Timur invaded India, Tughlaqs was the ruling dynasty at that time. Timur defeated four armies of the Sultanate on December 15, 1398. Subsequently the Sultan Mahmud Khan of the Tughlaqs dynasty fled before Tamerlane entered Delhi on December 18. For eight days Delhi was plundered. 

The Sayyid Brothers came into prominence and emerged powerful during the reign of Farrukh Siyar. His reign witnessed the primacy of the Sayyid Brothers who became the effective powers of the land, behind the facade of Mughal rule. His constant plotting eventually led the Sayyid Brothers to officially depose him. 

Alauddin Khilji called himself as the 'Second Alexander'. Alauddin Khilji wanted to be a world conqueror. In his coins, he depicted himself as Sikaiidar-i Sam, which means Second Alexander. 

Tamerlane attacked India during the reign of Nasir-ud-din Mahmud. Tamerlane defeated four armies of the Sultanate on December 15, 1398. For eight days Delhi was plundered, its population massacred and over 100,000 war prisoners were killed as well. 

The chief organizer of the campaigns of Alauddin was Malik Kafur. Malik Kafur was a slave who became a head general in the army of Alauddin Khilji. Malik Kafur led two campaigns in south India, the first was against Warangal and other against Dwar Samudra. 

The king who did not allow anybody to laugh in his court was Balban. Ghiyas-ud-din Balban was born in a well-to-do Turk family of the Ilbari tribe and was the ninth sultan of the Mamluk dynasty. Balban imposed a rigorous discipline on himself. No valet ever saw him without a cap or socks or shoes and throughout his long period of kingship, he never laughed aloud before others, nor had anyone the courage to laugh aloud in his presence. 

Ala-ud-din Khilji was not a slave before he became a king. He was the nephew as well as the son-in-law of Jalal-ud-Din Khilji. During the reign of Jalal-ud-Din Khilji, Alauddin Khilji was appointed the Governor of Awadh and Kara. However, he wanted to consolidate his position by becoming the ruler of the Khilji dynasty. So, he killed Jalal-ud-Din Khilji, marched to Delhi and proclaimed himself as the king.  

Mohammad Muazzam succeeded Aurangzeb as the Emperor of India under the title of Bahadur Shah. He was the third son of the emperor Aurangzeb and was born in Burhanpur in 1643. In his father's lifetime, Muazzam was deputed governor of the Northwest Territories by Aurangzeb. Upon the death of Aurangzeb on 3^rdMarch, 1707, Mohammad Muazzam Shah proclaimed himself Emperor and seized the throne.