Medieval and Islamic History

Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire in India, was the son of Umer Sheikh Mirza (also spelled Omar Sheikh Mirza), the ruler of Fergana Valley. Alauddin Khilji belonged to a different dynasty (Khilji).

Alauddin Khalji introduced market control and price regulation systems, especially for essential commodities like grains. His administrative reforms included setting fixed prices and preventing hoarding through a robust market control mechanism.

Qutbuddin Aibak was the first sovereign Sultan of Delhi, having been a slave general of Muhammad Ghori who established independence after his master's death in 1206. He founded the Mamluk Dynasty (Slave Dynasty) and began construction of the Qutub Minar. Alauddin Khalji came later (13th century), Balban was a powerful Sultan but not the first, and Iltutmish was Aibak's son-in-law and successor.

Qutub Minar was started by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, the founder of the Delhi Sultanate, in 1193 AD. Shah Jahan and Jahangir were Mughal emperors who came centuries later, and Akbar also ruled during the Mughal era, long after the minaret's construction.

Jahangir granted the British East India Company the permission to establish their first trading factory at Surat in 1613. This came after Sir Thomas Roe's diplomatic mission to the Mughal court.

Masjid-i-Jahan Numa, commonly known as Jama Masjid, was commissioned by Shah Jahan and completed in 1656. Its name translates to 'World-reflecting Mosque'. It was the largest mosque in India at the time of construction and remains one of Shah Jahan's last architectural achievements. The other options are not Shah Jahan's commissions.

Sher Shah Suri introduced the silver rupyakam currency during his rule in the 16th century, which became the basis for the modern rupee. The word 'rupee' is derived from the Sanskrit word 'rupyakam' meaning wrought silver.

Qutb-ud-din Aibak, the founder of the Delhi Sultanate, started construction of Qutub Minar in 1193 AD. The tower was named after him and completed by his successor Iltutmish. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Akbar commissioned the Agra Fort in 1565 AD, and it was completed in 1573. The red sandstone fortress served as the main residence of the Mughal emperors. Shah Jahan later built the Taj Mahal and the Red Fort, and Humayun preceded Akbar as emperor.

Ibn Battuta visited India during 1333-1347 CE in the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq of the Delhi Sultanate. The Moroccan traveler served in the Tughlaq administration and documented his experiences. Alauddin Khilji preceded Tughlaq, while Razia Sultana and Iltutmish were earlier rulers from different time periods.

Qutb-ud-din Aibak, the founder of the Delhi Sultanate, began construction of the Qutb Minar in 1192. It was completed by his successor Iltutmish in 1220. Babur arrived much later (1526) to found the Mughal Empire, Humayun was a Mughal ruler, and the tower was already complete before their time.

Babur (Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur) founded the Mughal Empire in India after defeating Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. Ibrahim Lodi was the last Delhi Sultanate ruler he defeated, Sher Shah founded the Sur Empire, and Akbar was Babur's grandson (the third Mughal ruler).

Shah Jahan commissioned the Taj Mahal as a mausoleum for his wife Mumtaz Mahal, with construction completed around 1653. Akbar built many monuments but not the Taj, Jahangir was Shah Jahan's father, and Aurangzeb (Shah Jahan's son) was known for austerity rather than grand architectural projects.

Muhammad Iqbal first conceived the idea of a separate Muslim state in his 1930 Allahabad address, which later evolved into Pakistan. M.A. Jinnah became the leader of the movement, while Shaukat Ali and Aga Khan were also involved but not the originators.

Humayun was indeed the father of Akbar, being the second Mughal emperor who ruled from 1530-1540 and again from 1555-1556. Akbar succeeded him and became one of India's greatest rulers. Babur was Akbar's grandfather (founder of Mughal dynasty), and the other options (Babu Rao, Rakesh Roshan) are incorrect - Rakesh Roshan is a modern Bollywood actor unrelated to Mughal history.