Medieval and Islamic History

Ali bin Abi Talib (RA) married Fatimah (RA), the Prophet's daughter. While Usman (RA) also married two of the Prophet's daughters, the question asks about a companion married to 'one daughter', making Ali the precise answer. Ali and Fatimah's marriage is particularly significant as they were the only surviving children of their respective fathers.

Aaisha (RA) was the daughter of Abu Bakr Siddiq (RA), who became the first Caliph after the Prophet's death. She was the Prophet's youngest wife and known as 'Mother of the Believers'. Abu Bakr was the Prophet's closest companion and first convert among adult men.

Umar bin Khattab (RA) was titled 'Al-Farooq' (The Distinguisher) for his ability to clearly distinguish between right and wrong. 'Farooq-e-Aazam' is an honorific magnifying this title. He was the second Caliph known for his justice and administrative reforms. The other options were companions but not associated with this title.

Surah Abasa (Chapter 80) was revealed when Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) frowned and turned away from Abdullah bin Umm Maktum (RA), a blind companion, to address Quraysh leaders. The surah gently admonishes this action, emphasizing that the blind companion deserved more attention. The other options were companions but not associated with this revelation.

The Agra Fort was built by the Mughal Emperor Akbar between 1565 and 1573 as a military stronghold. Humayun ruled earlier, Jehangir (Akbar's son) ruled after Akbar, and Shah Jahan (Jehangir's son) later added structures but didn't build the original fort.

Muhammad bin Tughluq, the Delhi Sultanate ruler (1325-1351), famously shifted his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (Devagiri) in 1327, though the decision was disastrous and he later returned to Delhi. Iltutmish ruled earlier, Akbar ruled much later as Mughal emperor, and Sher Shah Suri briefly interrupted Mughal rule but didn't make this capital shift.

Lakshmana Sena was the ruler of the Sena dynasty in Bengal when Ikhtiyar-Ud-Din Muhammad Khilji (Bakhtiyar Khilji) invaded and conquered Bengal around 1205 CE. Dharmapala and Sasanka ruled much earlier (Pala and pre-Pala periods), while Bhaskar Varman ruled Kamarupa (Assam), not Bengal.

Mohammad bin Tughlaq (1325-1351 CE) is called the 'Mad Monarch' for his controversial and often impractical decisions, such as shifting the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad and introducing token currency. His schemes, while ambitious, caused widespread disruption. Akbar, Ashoka, and Hyder Ali were known for administrative competence.

In Islamic belief, Prophet Muhammad (SAW - Peace Be Upon Him) is considered the final messenger who revealed the complete message of Islam to humanity through the Quran. While other prophets like Adam, Jesus, and Moses are revered in Islamic tradition as earlier messengers, Prophet Muhammad is regarded as the Seal of the Prophets who brought the final revelation.

The Quran is the holy book of Islam, believed by Muslims to be the word of God as revealed to Prophet Muhammad (SAW). The Bible is the holy book of Christianity, Injeel refers to the Gospel given to Jesus, and Tauheed is the concept of monotheism in Islam, not a book.

Hussein ibn Ali, the grandson of Prophet Muhammad, was martyred at the Battle of Karbala on the 10th of Muharram (Ashura) in 680 CE. This tragic event is commemorated annually by Shia Muslims. His brother Hassan had died earlier, and Ali (his father) was assassinated in Kufa before Karbala occurred.

Ramadan ( spelled Ramzan in South Asia) is the holiest month in Islam, when Muslims fast from dawn to sunset. It commemorates the revelation of the Quran. Muharram is the first month but is primarily significant for Ashura, Shaban is the month preceding Ramadan, and 'khalik' appears to be a typo or made-up term.

Bakhtiyar Khilji was the first Muslim military commander to annex Bihar and Bengal by overthrowing the Sena dynasty in the early 13th century (around 1200-1206 CE). He was one of Muhammad Ghori's generals who conquered eastern India. Mahmud Gawan was a 15th-century Bahmani minister, Adil Shahis were a Deccan dynasty, and Shams-ud-Din Iltutmish was a Delhi Sultanate ruler.