Medieval and Islamic History

Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, defeated Ibrahim Lodhi, the last Sultan of the Lodhi Dynasty, at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526, ending the Delhi Sultanate.

Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah declared himself Sultan of Bengal in 1342 after the governor of Bengal declared independence from Delhi. He established the Ilyas Shahi dynasty, the first independent Muslim dynasty in Bengal. The other rulers listed were his successors, not the first sultan.

Siraj-ud-Daula was the last independent Nawab of Bengal who ruled without British control (1756-1757). After his defeat in the Battle of Plassey (1757), Mir Jafar became a puppet ruler under British influence. Mir Qasim and Alivardi Khan were earlier nawabs, with Alivardi Khan being Siraj's grandfather and predecessor.

Titumir (1782-1831), a famous rebel against British rule and zamindars, was born as Syed Mir Nisar Ali. He led the Farazi movement and built the famous bamboo fort (Banser-Kella) in 1831. Syed Md. Ali, Syed Nisar Ali, and Syed Ali are incorrect - his full name included both Mir and Nisar.

After capturing Calcutta in 1756, Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah renamed the city Alinagar, meaning 'the city of Ali'. This was done to mark his victory over the British East India Company and to Islamicize the city's name.

Shah Jahan commissioned the Red Fort (Lal Qila) in 1638 and construction was completed in 1648. It served as the main residence of Mughal emperors for nearly 200 years. Akbar built Fatehpur Sikri and Agra Fort, Ashoka ruled much earlier (Mauryan Empire), and Shah Zafar (Bahadur Shah Zafar) was the last Mughal emperor who lived in the Red Fort but didn't build it.

The Taj Mahal was commissioned by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for his wife Mumtaz Mahal. Mumtaz Mahal was the person for whom it was built, not the builder. Sher Shah Suri and Ashoka lived in different historical periods.

Qutub Minar was started by Qutub-ud-din Aibak in 1193 and completed by his successor Iltutmish. Shahjahan built the Taj Mahal much later. Qutub-ud-din Aibak was the founder of the Delhi Sultanate and the first Sultan of Delhi.

The Red Fort in Delhi was built by Shah Jahan between 1638 and 1648 when he shifted his capital from Agra to Delhi. It served as the main residence of the Mughal emperors for nearly 200 years. The fort's red sandstone walls give it its name. Akbar built the Agra Fort, and Qutb-ud-din Aibak built the Qutub Minar complex.

The Agra Fort was built by Akbar between 1565 and 1573. While earlier fortifications existed on the site, Akbar commissioned the massive red sandstone fortification that stands today. It served as the main residence of the Mughal emperors until Shah Jahan moved the capital to Delhi. The fort is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and showcases a blend of Hindu and Islamic architectural styles.

Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526, establishing the Mughal Empire in India. Akbar and Humayun were Babur's descendants who ruled later, while Jehangir was Akbar's son. The battle marked the beginning of Mughal rule in the Indian subcontinent.

Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore, pioneered the use of iron-cased rockets in warfare during the late 18th century, notably against the British in the Anglo-Mysore Wars. His rockets influenced later British rocket development. Hyder Ali was his father but Tipu developed the rocket corps.

Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325-1351) is called the 'Mad Monarch' for his eccentric and failed experiments like shifting capital from Delhi to Daulatabad, introducing token currency, and tax reforms in Doab region. His ideas were ahead of time but poorly executed. Hyder Ali, Qutb-ud-din Aibak, and Aurangzeb aren't called mad monarchs.

Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babar (1483-1530) was the founder of the Mughal Empire in India. He was a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan, and is commonly known simply as 'Babar' in historical texts. The other options were later Mughal rulers: Akbar (his grandson), Jahangir (great-grandson), and Shahjahan (great-great-grandson).