Medieval and Islamic History

Guru Ram Das (the fourth Sikh Guru) received the land grant from Emperor Akbar, which included the site where Amritsar was founded. He began construction of the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) and the sacred pool.

Inzamam ul Haq is famously known as the 'Sultan of Multan' - he hails from Multan and is one of Pakistan's greatest batsmen. The nickname reflects his regal batting style and his connection to the city of Multan. Yusuf Yohana, Waqar Younis, and Shahid Afridi are all Pakistani cricketers but not associated with this specific title.

Sikander Lodi (Sikandar Lodi), the Sultan of Delhi from 1489-1517, founded the city of Agra in 1504 and made it his capital. Babar came later and used Agra as a base, Akbar greatly expanded the Agra Fort, and Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal there.

Muhammad Iqbal first conceived the idea of a separate Muslim state in his 1930 presidential address at the Allahabad session of the Muslim League. He proposed the creation of a Muslim-majority province in northwestern India, which laid the ideological foundation for the Pakistan movement.

Bahadur Shah II (also known as Bahadur Shah Zafar) was the last Mughal emperor, ruling from 1837 until the empire was dissolved in 1858 after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Aurangzeb was a major emperor but not the last. Jahangir II was a brief claimant. Bahadur Shah I was an 18th-century ruler.

Mazdak was a Zoroastrian prophet who founded a socialistic movement in the Sassanid Empire. He gained influence over Shahanshah Kavadh I, leading to social reforms, though Kavadh was briefly overthrown by the nobility due to these radical changes.

WALID is an Arabic/Urdu word that means "FATHER" - specifically referring to a male parent. It's commonly used in names and Islamic terminology. Option C correctly identifies this familial meaning.

Mohammad bin Tughlaq (1325-1351 CE) was known for his administrative experiments. He established a separate department of agriculture called Diwan-i-Kohi to improve cultivation and directly deal with farmers. While other rulers like Sher Shah also implemented agricultural reforms, Tughlaq was the first medieval ruler to formally create a ministry dedicated to agriculture.

Amil was the administrative head of a Paragana in the Delhi Sultanate. The Paragana was the basic fiscal and administrative unit, and the Amil was responsible for revenue collection and maintaining law and order in that jurisdiction. Shiqdar was the head of a Shiq (district), Barid was an intelligence officer, and Ariz was the head of the military department.

Bahadur Shah Zafar was the last Mughal emperor. Similarly, Ibrahim Lodi was the last ruler of the Lodi dynasty, who was defeated at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526.

Active Voice - Shah Jahan built Taj Mahal. Passive Voice - Taj Mahal was built by Shah Jahan.

Muhammad bin Tughlaq was known for his contradictory and often impractical policies - he would conceive brilliant schemes but fail in implementation. He earned the nickname 'mixture of opposites' from historians like Barani and Ibn Battuta for actions like shifting the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad and back, and introducing token currency without proper safeguards.

Mohammed-bin-Kasim invaded Sindh in 712 CE, making him the first Muslim invader of India. He was sent by the Umayyad Caliph Al-Hajjaj bin Yusuf to attack King Dahir of Sindh, marking the beginning of Islamic rule in the Indian subcontinent.

Babar wrote the Baburnama in Chagatai Turkic, his autobiography detailing his life, conquests, and observations of India. It is considered one of the finest autobiographies in the Islamic world and a valuable historical source.

The Ashta Pradhan (Council of Eight Ministers) was the administrative council of the Maratha Empire under Chhatrapati Shivaji. It included ministers like the Peshwa (Prime Minister), Senapati (Commander), and others, creating an efficient administrative system for governance.