Medieval and Islamic History

The term Caliph (Khalifa) refers to the successor or deputy who leads the Muslim community (Ummah) after the death of the Prophet.

The Hijrat (or Hijra) refers to the migration of Prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE.

The successors to the Prophet Muhammad in his role as the leader of the Muslim community are known as Caliphs.

Tahqiq-i-Hind (also known as Kitab-ul-Hind) is a famous historical work written by the Persian scholar Alberuni. He accompanied Mahmud of Ghazni to India and provided a detailed account of Indian culture and society.

Many Germanic tribes, such as the Franks, converted to Christianity and often preserved or even relied upon the Church of Rome for administrative legitimacy after the empire fell.

In the battle Anwar-ud-din was killed and Chanda Saheb was declared as Nawab of Carnatic, French declared Mujaffar Jung as Nizam of Hyderabad.

Nizam-ul-mulk and Deccan subedar, was died in 1748. Consequently a war of succession broke out between Mujaffar Jung and Nasir Jung. Mujaffar Jung and Chanda Saheb requested the help of French. Then Duplex, invaded on Arcot with Mujjafar Jung and Chanda Saheb.

Muzafar Jung was killed in 1751 by his own people. Then, Bussy installed Salabat Jung as a Nizam of Hyderabad. French got Northern Circars from Salabat Jung. However, Robert Clive led British troops to capture Arcot, and successfully defend it. The war ended with the Treaty of Pondicherry, signed in 1754, which recognised Muhammad Ali Khan Walajah as the Nawab of the Carnatic. Charles Godeheu replaced Dupleix, who died in poverty back in France.

India had inland and maritime trade relations with foreign countries. The two major inland trade routes were from Lahore to Kabul, and from Multan to Kandahar. The major imported items included metals, leather, velvet, dry fruits, and horse.

Guru Amar Das, who was the third Guru of Sikh religion, laid the foundation of the Goindwal Sahib Baoli. It is located at Taran Taran district of Punjab.

Guru Angad Dev Ji initiated the construction of the Baoli at Goindwal Sahib, and Guru Amardas Ji completed the work in 1559 A.D.

The first Muslim invasion of India was led by the Arabs under Muhammad bin Qasim in 712 A.D., when they conquered Sindh.

After the conquest of Samana, Banda Singh Bahadur appointed Fateh Singh as the administrator or ruler of the town.

The Faizalpuria Misal, founded by Nawab Kapur Singh, is historically recognized as the first of the Sikh Misals to be established.