Medieval and Islamic History

The Sadr-us-Sudur was the minister of the department of religion, religious endowment and charity. It was the duty of the chief Sadr (Sadr-us-Sudur) to enforce the Islamic rules and regulations and to look after that the Muslims strictly follow those regulations in their daily life. He also disbursed money in charity and rewarded the learned Muslim divines. He also paid the grants of subsistence allowances to scholars and men of piety.

Humayun was the second Mughal ruler of India who succeeded Babur to become the Mughal Emperor. He ruled over territory in what is now Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of northern India and Bangladesh from 1530–1540 and again from 1555–56. In 1540, he was defeated by Sher Shah Suri who went on to establish the Suri dynasty.

The original name of Sher Shah was Farid Khan. He started the Suri dynasty in 1540 by defeating Humayun. He was one of the greatest administrators of medieval India. He was also widely known as a just ruler as he never differentiated between the rich and the poor.

Sher Shah was known as 'Sultan of fair justice'. He started the Suri dynasty in 1540 by defeating Humayun. He was a just ruler who dispensed justice without any discrimination between the rich and the poor, high or low. He was also one of the greatest administrators of medieval Indian. 

Sher Shah Suri was born with the name Farid Khan. He earned the title Sher Khan after killing a tiger, which later evolved into Sher Shah upon his ascension to the throne.

Sher Shah Suri was succeeded by his son, Jalal Khan, who took the title of Islam Shah Suri. Humayun defeated Islam Shah in 1555 and ended the Suri dynasty.

Sher Shah Suri's land revenue system, which involved the measurement of land and classification of crops, was highly efficient. It served as the foundation for the later revenue reforms implemented by Akbar's finance minister, Raja Todar Mal.

Amoghavarsha I was the greatest ruler of the Rashtrakuta dynasty, and one of the great emperors of India. Sulaiman was a 9th-century Muslim merchant, traveler and writer initially from Siraf in modern-day Iran. He visited India during the time of the Pala Empire. He described Amoghavarsha as one of the four great kings of the world who respected the Muslims and allowed the construction of mosques. He patronized arts and literature during his reign.

Suleiman and Al-Masudi were Arab travelers who visited India during the Gurjara-Pratihara period and wrote accounts of the kingdom of Mihir Bhoja.

The early reign of Amoghavarsha had to face many obstacles. But he was not interested in feuds and desired peace. Hence he got rid of the enmity by developing marital relations with the Gangas and the Pallavas. Since he was a peace-loving king, he had to give up some territories in the north. The ports of the west coast were busy trading centers and enjoyed great prosperity by developing trade relations with Persia and Arabian. Many travelers and merchants visited the kingdom during this period. Prominent among them was the Arab travaler Sulaiman. He has praised Amoghavarsha as one of the four powerful emperors of the World.

The land for Harmandir Sahib was bought by Guru Ram Das Ji on payment from Zamindars. Guru Arjan Sahib got its foundation laid by a Muslim saint Mian Mir Ji in December 1588. The construction work was directly supervised by Guru Arjan Dev. He was assisted by the prominent Sikh personalities like Baba Budha Ji etc.

Guru Arjan Dev, the fifth Sikh Guru, was the first to be martyred in Sikh history, ordered by the Mughal Emperor Jahangir in 1606.

Emperor Jahangir was the Mughal ruler who ordered the execution of the fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan Dev, in 1606.

Kathak is a dance form associated with North India. Under the Mughal emperors and their nobles, Kathak was performed in the court, where it acquired its present features and developed into a form of dance with a distinctive style. Subsequently, it developed in two traditions or gharanas : one in the courts of Rajasthan (Jaipur) and the other in Lucknow.