Law Legal Studies ยท History

Legal History and Systems

883 Questions

Legal History and Systems examines the evolution of law from ancient codes to modern frameworks. It includes the study of historical documents like the Magna Carta and Justinian Code. This material is crucial for law students and judicial services exam aspirants.

Ancient legal codesRoman lawNatural law theoryMedieval legal systemsHistorical justice concepts

Legal History and Systems Questions

Multiple choice

Directions: According to the information in the passage, choose the appropriate synonym for the given word.

Pavement

ROMAN LAND TRANSPORTATION: THE ROMAN ROAD SYSTEM
In the Roman Empire, for the first time in history, a system of fully connected roads (and of cities connected by roads) came into existence. But, its military and administrative purposes were clear; when the question was the shipment of wheat or other bulky staples, the method used was almost certainly a relatively primitive sailing ship. Land transport was too costly of food resources to be employed in freight shipment: the justification for the extensive land transportation system of the Roman Empire was the efficiency and speed it brought over to lordship and administration.
The chariot was capable of speeds that could assure relatively quick communication if a firm and reasonably sloping surface could be had. The Romans accomplished such construction by devising a drained sub-base to be paved with fairly tight-fitting flat rocks. Few of these roads were wide enough to allow wagons to pass each other. In fact, the pavements were rather narrow for the passage of a single wagon; only chariots fitted comfortably.

Romans were not particularly successful in operating wagons or carts for the handling of freight. In common with other southern Eurasian cultures, the Romans kept oxen and knew how to employ their strength to draw loads using the horn and then the withered yoke. But they made no technical improvements on two-wheel and four-wheel carts. The wheels were rigidly fixed to the axle, forcing left and right wheels to revolve together and at the same speed but over different distances. Turning from a straight course thus forced one side to move farther than the other, dragging the wheels on one side while introducing considerable frictional resistance on the other. Furthermore, the axles were rigidly fixed to the cart's frame so any turning motion forced the cart to be dragged into a turn rather than turning into it by steering the direction of the wheels. Only the Celts had by Roman times discovered the efficiency of the pivoting front axle as well as a better harness to attach the horse to the cart.
  1. Way

  2. Kill

  3. Payment

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

The passage discusses 'pavements were rather narrow for the passage of a single wagon' in the context of Roman road construction. Here 'pavement' refers to the road surface or way itself. 'Way' is a synonym for road or path. 'Kill' and 'Payment' are unrelated to the context of road surfaces.

Multiple choice

Directions: According to the information in the passage, choose the appropriate synonym for the given word.

Wagon

ROMAN LAND TRANSPORTATION: THE ROMAN ROAD SYSTEM
In the Roman Empire, for the first time in history, a system of fully connected roads (and of cities connected by roads) came into existence. But, its military and administrative purposes were clear; when the question was the shipment of wheat or other bulky staples, the method used was almost certainly a relatively primitive sailing ship. Land transport was too costly of food resources to be employed in freight shipment: the justification for the extensive land transportation system of the Roman Empire was the efficiency and speed it brought over to lordship and administration.
The chariot was capable of speeds that could assure relatively quick communication if a firm and reasonably sloping surface could be had. The Romans accomplished such construction by devising a drained sub-base to be paved with fairly tight-fitting flat rocks. Few of these roads were wide enough to allow wagons to pass each other. In fact, the pavements were rather narrow for the passage of a single wagon; only chariots fitted comfortably.

Romans were not particularly successful in operating wagons or carts for the handling of freight. In common with other southern Eurasian cultures, the Romans kept oxen and knew how to employ their strength to draw loads using the horn and then the withered yoke. But they made no technical improvements on two-wheel and four-wheel carts. The wheels were rigidly fixed to the axle, forcing left and right wheels to revolve together and at the same speed but over different distances. Turning from a straight course thus forced one side to move farther than the other, dragging the wheels on one side while introducing considerable frictional resistance on the other. Furthermore, the axles were rigidly fixed to the cart's frame so any turning motion forced the cart to be dragged into a turn rather than turning into it by steering the direction of the wheels. Only the Celts had by Roman times discovered the efficiency of the pivoting front axle as well as a better harness to attach the horse to the cart.
  1. Floor

  2. Carriage

  3. Lamp

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

The passage describes wagons as four-wheeled vehicles used 'for the handling of freight' and mentions 'two-wheel and four-wheel carts'. A wagon is a type of carriage used for transporting goods. 'Carriage' is the closest synonym as it refers to a wheeled vehicle for transport. 'Floor' and 'Lamp' are unrelated to wheeled transport vehicles.

Multiple choice

Directions: According to the information in the passage, choose the appropriate synonym for the given word.

Rigid

ROMAN LAND TRANSPORTATION: THE ROMAN ROAD SYSTEM
In the Roman Empire, for the first time in history, a system of fully connected roads (and of cities connected by roads) came into existence. But, its military and administrative purposes were clear; when the question was the shipment of wheat or other bulky staples, the method used was almost certainly a relatively primitive sailing ship. Land transport was too costly of food resources to be employed in freight shipment: the justification for the extensive land transportation system of the Roman Empire was the efficiency and speed it brought over to lordship and administration.
The chariot was capable of speeds that could assure relatively quick communication if a firm and reasonably sloping surface could be had. The Romans accomplished such construction by devising a drained sub-base to be paved with fairly tight-fitting flat rocks. Few of these roads were wide enough to allow wagons to pass each other. In fact, the pavements were rather narrow for the passage of a single wagon; only chariots fitted comfortably.

Romans were not particularly successful in operating wagons or carts for the handling of freight. In common with other southern Eurasian cultures, the Romans kept oxen and knew how to employ their strength to draw loads using the horn and then the withered yoke. But they made no technical improvements on two-wheel and four-wheel carts. The wheels were rigidly fixed to the axle, forcing left and right wheels to revolve together and at the same speed but over different distances. Turning from a straight course thus forced one side to move farther than the other, dragging the wheels on one side while introducing considerable frictional resistance on the other. Furthermore, the axles were rigidly fixed to the cart's frame so any turning motion forced the cart to be dragged into a turn rather than turning into it by steering the direction of the wheels. Only the Celts had by Roman times discovered the efficiency of the pivoting front axle as well as a better harness to attach the horse to the cart.
  1. Numb

  2. Limpid

  3. Firm

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

The passage describes how wheels were 'rigidly fixed to the axle' and how roads required a 'firm and reasonably sloping surface.' In this technical context of unyielding, solidly fixed components, 'firm' is the most appropriate synonym for 'rigid' - both describe something that does not bend or flex.

Multiple choice

Directions: According to the passage, state whether the given statement is True, False or Not Given.

Shipping was conventional as compared to road transport.

ROMAN LAND TRANSPORTATION: THE ROMAN ROAD SYSTEM
In the Roman Empire, for the first time in history, a system of fully connected roads (and of cities connected by roads) came into existence. But, its military and administrative purposes were clear; when the question was the shipment of wheat or other bulky staples, the method used was almost certainly a relatively primitive sailing ship. Land transport was too costly of food resources to be employed in freight shipment: the justification for the extensive land transportation system of the Roman Empire was the efficiency and speed it brought over to lordship and administration.
The chariot was capable of speeds that could assure relatively quick communication if a firm and reasonably sloping surface could be had. The Romans accomplished such construction by devising a drained sub-base to be paved with fairly tight-fitting flat rocks. Few of these roads were wide enough to allow wagons to pass each other. In fact, the pavements were rather narrow for the passage of a single wagon; only chariots fitted comfortably.

Romans were not particularly successful in operating wagons or carts for the handling of freight. In common with other southern Eurasian cultures, the Romans kept oxen and knew how to employ their strength to draw loads using the horn and then the withered yoke. But they made no technical improvements on two-wheel and four-wheel carts. The wheels were rigidly fixed to the axle, forcing left and right wheels to revolve together and at the same speed but over different distances. Turning from a straight course thus forced one side to move farther than the other, dragging the wheels on one side while introducing considerable frictional resistance on the other. Furthermore, the axles were rigidly fixed to the cart's frame so any turning motion forced the cart to be dragged into a turn rather than turning into it by steering the direction of the wheels. Only the Celts had by Roman times discovered the efficiency of the pivoting front axle as well as a better harness to attach the horse to the cart.
  1. True

  2. False

  3. Not Given

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

The passage states that for shipping bulky staples like wheat, 'the method used was almost certainly a relatively primitive sailing ship' while 'land transport was too costly of food resources to be employed in freight shipment.' This clearly indicates that shipping was the conventional/ordinary method for bulk goods compared to road transport, which was impractical for freight.

Multiple choice

Directions: According to the passage, state whether the given statement is True, False or Not Given.

Romans loved oxen.

ROMAN LAND TRANSPORTATION: THE ROMAN ROAD SYSTEM
In the Roman Empire, for the first time in history, a system of fully connected roads (and of cities connected by roads) came into existence. But, its military and administrative purposes were clear; when the question was the shipment of wheat or other bulky staples, the method used was almost certainly a relatively primitive sailing ship. Land transport was too costly of food resources to be employed in freight shipment: the justification for the extensive land transportation system of the Roman Empire was the efficiency and speed it brought over to lordship and administration.
The chariot was capable of speeds that could assure relatively quick communication if a firm and reasonably sloping surface could be had. The Romans accomplished such construction by devising a drained sub-base to be paved with fairly tight-fitting flat rocks. Few of these roads were wide enough to allow wagons to pass each other. In fact, the pavements were rather narrow for the passage of a single wagon; only chariots fitted comfortably.

Romans were not particularly successful in operating wagons or carts for the handling of freight. In common with other southern Eurasian cultures, the Romans kept oxen and knew how to employ their strength to draw loads using the horn and then the withered yoke. But they made no technical improvements on two-wheel and four-wheel carts. The wheels were rigidly fixed to the axle, forcing left and right wheels to revolve together and at the same speed but over different distances. Turning from a straight course thus forced one side to move farther than the other, dragging the wheels on one side while introducing considerable frictional resistance on the other. Furthermore, the axles were rigidly fixed to the cart's frame so any turning motion forced the cart to be dragged into a turn rather than turning into it by steering the direction of the wheels. Only the Celts had by Roman times discovered the efficiency of the pivoting front axle as well as a better harness to attach the horse to the cart.
  1. True

  2. False

  3. Not Given

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

The passage only states that 'the Romans kept oxen and knew how to employ their strength to draw loads.' This is a factual statement about practical use of oxen for work, not an expression of affection or emotional attachment. The text provides no information about Romans' feelings toward oxen.

Multiple choice

Directions: According to the information in the passage, choose the appropriate synonym for the given word.

Pivot

ROMAN LAND TRANSPORTATION: THE ROMAN ROAD SYSTEM
In the Roman Empire, for the first time in history, a system of fully connected roads (and of cities connected by roads) came into existence. But, its military and administrative purposes were clear; when the question was the shipment of wheat or other bulky staples, the method used was almost certainly a relatively primitive sailing ship. Land transport was too costly of food resources to be employed in freight shipment: the justification for the extensive land transportation system of the Roman Empire was the efficiency and speed it brought over to lordship and administration.
The chariot was capable of speeds that could assure relatively quick communication if a firm and reasonably sloping surface could be had. The Romans accomplished such construction by devising a drained sub-base to be paved with fairly tight-fitting flat rocks. Few of these roads were wide enough to allow wagons to pass each other. In fact, the pavements were rather narrow for the passage of a single wagon; only chariots fitted comfortably.

Romans were not particularly successful in operating wagons or carts for the handling of freight. In common with other southern Eurasian cultures, the Romans kept oxen and knew how to employ their strength to draw loads using the horn and then the withered yoke. But they made no technical improvements on two-wheel and four-wheel carts. The wheels were rigidly fixed to the axle, forcing left and right wheels to revolve together and at the same speed but over different distances. Turning from a straight course thus forced one side to move farther than the other, dragging the wheels on one side while introducing considerable frictional resistance on the other. Furthermore, the axles were rigidly fixed to the cart's frame so any turning motion forced the cart to be dragged into a turn rather than turning into it by steering the direction of the wheels. Only the Celts had by Roman times discovered the efficiency of the pivoting front axle as well as a better harness to attach the horse to the cart.
  1. Drool

  2. Pilot

  3. Centre

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

The passage describes how the Celts discovered the efficiency of 'the pivoting front axle.' A pivot is a point or axis on which something turns; 'centre' in this context refers to the central point around which rotation occurs. Neither 'drool' (saliva flow) nor 'pilot' (to steer or guide) relates to the mechanical concept of a rotating axle.

Multiple choice

Directions: According to the information in the passage, choose the appropriate synonym for the given word.

Primitive

ROMAN LAND TRANSPORTATION: THE ROMAN ROAD SYSTEM
In the Roman Empire, for the first time in history, a system of fully connected roads (and of cities connected by roads) came into existence. But, its military and administrative purposes were clear; when the question was the shipment of wheat or other bulky staples, the method used was almost certainly a relatively primitive sailing ship. Land transport was too costly of food resources to be employed in freight shipment: the justification for the extensive land transportation system of the Roman Empire was the efficiency and speed it brought over to lordship and administration.
The chariot was capable of speeds that could assure relatively quick communication if a firm and reasonably sloping surface could be had. The Romans accomplished such construction by devising a drained sub-base to be paved with fairly tight-fitting flat rocks. Few of these roads were wide enough to allow wagons to pass each other. In fact, the pavements were rather narrow for the passage of a single wagon; only chariots fitted comfortably.

Romans were not particularly successful in operating wagons or carts for the handling of freight. In common with other southern Eurasian cultures, the Romans kept oxen and knew how to employ their strength to draw loads using the horn and then the withered yoke. But they made no technical improvements on two-wheel and four-wheel carts. The wheels were rigidly fixed to the axle, forcing left and right wheels to revolve together and at the same speed but over different distances. Turning from a straight course thus forced one side to move farther than the other, dragging the wheels on one side while introducing considerable frictional resistance on the other. Furthermore, the axles were rigidly fixed to the cart's frame so any turning motion forced the cart to be dragged into a turn rather than turning into it by steering the direction of the wheels. Only the Celts had by Roman times discovered the efficiency of the pivoting front axle as well as a better harness to attach the horse to the cart.
  1. Sinewy

  2. Alter

  3. Ancient

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

The passage refers to 'a relatively primitive sailing ship' used for transporting bulk goods. In this context, 'primitive' describes early, basic technology - something ancient or underdeveloped compared to more advanced systems. 'Ancient' captures this sense of belonging to early times. Neither 'sinewy' (tough and stringy, like muscle) nor 'alter' (to change) relates to the concept of early, basic technology.

Multiple choice

Directions: According to the passage, state whether the given statement is True, False or Not Given.

Chariot is a type of ship.

ROMAN LAND TRANSPORTATION: THE ROMAN ROAD SYSTEM
In the Roman Empire, for the first time in history, a system of fully connected roads (and of cities connected by roads) came into existence. But, its military and administrative purposes were clear; when the question was the shipment of wheat or other bulky staples, the method used was almost certainly a relatively primitive sailing ship. Land transport was too costly of food resources to be employed in freight shipment: the justification for the extensive land transportation system of the Roman Empire was the efficiency and speed it brought over to lordship and administration.
The chariot was capable of speeds that could assure relatively quick communication if a firm and reasonably sloping surface could be had. The Romans accomplished such construction by devising a drained sub-base to be paved with fairly tight-fitting flat rocks. Few of these roads were wide enough to allow wagons to pass each other. In fact, the pavements were rather narrow for the passage of a single wagon; only chariots fitted comfortably.

Romans were not particularly successful in operating wagons or carts for the handling of freight. In common with other southern Eurasian cultures, the Romans kept oxen and knew how to employ their strength to draw loads using the horn and then the withered yoke. But they made no technical improvements on two-wheel and four-wheel carts. The wheels were rigidly fixed to the axle, forcing left and right wheels to revolve together and at the same speed but over different distances. Turning from a straight course thus forced one side to move farther than the other, dragging the wheels on one side while introducing considerable frictional resistance on the other. Furthermore, the axles were rigidly fixed to the cart's frame so any turning motion forced the cart to be dragged into a turn rather than turning into it by steering the direction of the wheels. Only the Celts had by Roman times discovered the efficiency of the pivoting front axle as well as a better harness to attach the horse to the cart.
  1. True

  2. False

  3. Not Given

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

The passage clearly distinguishes between different types of transport: sailing ships were used for shipping bulk goods, while chariots were land vehicles. The text describes chariots as being 'capable of speeds that could assure relatively quick communication if a firm and reasonably sloping surface could be had' and mentions they 'fitted comfortably' on the narrow Roman road pavements. Chariots are wheeled vehicles pulled by horses, not ships.

Multiple choice

Directions: According to the passage, state whether the given statement is True, False or Not Given.

Celts had completely discarded the axel in the cart.

ROMAN LAND TRANSPORTATION: THE ROMAN ROAD SYSTEM
In the Roman Empire, for the first time in history, a system of fully connected roads (and of cities connected by roads) came into existence. But, its military and administrative purposes were clear; when the question was the shipment of wheat or other bulky staples, the method used was almost certainly a relatively primitive sailing ship. Land transport was too costly of food resources to be employed in freight shipment: the justification for the extensive land transportation system of the Roman Empire was the efficiency and speed it brought over to lordship and administration.
The chariot was capable of speeds that could assure relatively quick communication if a firm and reasonably sloping surface could be had. The Romans accomplished such construction by devising a drained sub-base to be paved with fairly tight-fitting flat rocks. Few of these roads were wide enough to allow wagons to pass each other. In fact, the pavements were rather narrow for the passage of a single wagon; only chariots fitted comfortably.

Romans were not particularly successful in operating wagons or carts for the handling of freight. In common with other southern Eurasian cultures, the Romans kept oxen and knew how to employ their strength to draw loads using the horn and then the withered yoke. But they made no technical improvements on two-wheel and four-wheel carts. The wheels were rigidly fixed to the axle, forcing left and right wheels to revolve together and at the same speed but over different distances. Turning from a straight course thus forced one side to move farther than the other, dragging the wheels on one side while introducing considerable frictional resistance on the other. Furthermore, the axles were rigidly fixed to the cart's frame so any turning motion forced the cart to be dragged into a turn rather than turning into it by steering the direction of the wheels. Only the Celts had by Roman times discovered the efficiency of the pivoting front axle as well as a better harness to attach the horse to the cart.
  1. True

  2. False

  3. Not Given

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

The passage states that the Celts discovered 'the efficiency of the pivoting front axle.' This describes an IMPROVEMENT to axle technology - making it pivot rather than remain fixed. The text does not say the Celts removed the axle entirely. Discovering a better type of axle is fundamentally different from discarding axles altogether.

Multiple choice

Directions: According to the passage, state whether the given statement is True, False or Not Given.

Romans were experts in the shipment of rice.

ROMAN LAND TRANSPORTATION: THE ROMAN ROAD SYSTEM
In the Roman Empire, for the first time in history, a system of fully connected roads (and of cities connected by roads) came into existence. But, its military and administrative purposes were clear; when the question was the shipment of wheat or other bulky staples, the method used was almost certainly a relatively primitive sailing ship. Land transport was too costly of food resources to be employed in freight shipment: the justification for the extensive land transportation system of the Roman Empire was the efficiency and speed it brought over to lordship and administration.
The chariot was capable of speeds that could assure relatively quick communication if a firm and reasonably sloping surface could be had. The Romans accomplished such construction by devising a drained sub-base to be paved with fairly tight-fitting flat rocks. Few of these roads were wide enough to allow wagons to pass each other. In fact, the pavements were rather narrow for the passage of a single wagon; only chariots fitted comfortably.

Romans were not particularly successful in operating wagons or carts for the handling of freight. In common with other southern Eurasian cultures, the Romans kept oxen and knew how to employ their strength to draw loads using the horn and then the withered yoke. But they made no technical improvements on two-wheel and four-wheel carts. The wheels were rigidly fixed to the axle, forcing left and right wheels to revolve together and at the same speed but over different distances. Turning from a straight course thus forced one side to move farther than the other, dragging the wheels on one side while introducing considerable frictional resistance on the other. Furthermore, the axles were rigidly fixed to the cart's frame so any turning motion forced the cart to be dragged into a turn rather than turning into it by steering the direction of the wheels. Only the Celts had by Roman times discovered the efficiency of the pivoting front axle as well as a better harness to attach the horse to the cart.
  1. True

  2. False

  3. Not Given

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

The passage mentions 'the shipment of wheat or other bulky staples' but says nothing about rice. The text specifically discusses wheat as an example of bulk staples. Whether Romans were experts in shipping rice is never addressed.

Multiple choice

Directions: According to the information in the passage, choose the appropriate synonym for the given word.

Staples

ROMAN LAND TRANSPORTATION: THE ROMAN ROAD SYSTEM
In the Roman Empire, for the first time in history, a system of fully connected roads (and of cities connected by roads) came into existence. But, its military and administrative purposes were clear; when the question was the shipment of wheat or other bulky staples, the method used was almost certainly a relatively primitive sailing ship. Land transport was too costly of food resources to be employed in freight shipment: the justification for the extensive land transportation system of the Roman Empire was the efficiency and speed it brought over to lordship and administration.
The chariot was capable of speeds that could assure relatively quick communication if a firm and reasonably sloping surface could be had. The Romans accomplished such construction by devising a drained sub-base to be paved with fairly tight-fitting flat rocks. Few of these roads were wide enough to allow wagons to pass each other. In fact, the pavements were rather narrow for the passage of a single wagon; only chariots fitted comfortably.

Romans were not particularly successful in operating wagons or carts for the handling of freight. In common with other southern Eurasian cultures, the Romans kept oxen and knew how to employ their strength to draw loads using the horn and then the withered yoke. But they made no technical improvements on two-wheel and four-wheel carts. The wheels were rigidly fixed to the axle, forcing left and right wheels to revolve together and at the same speed but over different distances. Turning from a straight course thus forced one side to move farther than the other, dragging the wheels on one side while introducing considerable frictional resistance on the other. Furthermore, the axles were rigidly fixed to the cart's frame so any turning motion forced the cart to be dragged into a turn rather than turning into it by steering the direction of the wheels. Only the Celts had by Roman times discovered the efficiency of the pivoting front axle as well as a better harness to attach the horse to the cart.
  1. Pins

  2. Van

  3. House

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Multiple choice

Directions: According to the information in the passage, choose the appropriate synonym for the given word.

Resistance

ROMAN LAND TRANSPORTATION: THE ROMAN ROAD SYSTEM
In the Roman Empire, for the first time in history, a system of fully connected roads (and of cities connected by roads) came into existence. But, its military and administrative purposes were clear; when the question was the shipment of wheat or other bulky staples, the method used was almost certainly a relatively primitive sailing ship. Land transport was too costly of food resources to be employed in freight shipment: the justification for the extensive land transportation system of the Roman Empire was the efficiency and speed it brought over to lordship and administration.
The chariot was capable of speeds that could assure relatively quick communication if a firm and reasonably sloping surface could be had. The Romans accomplished such construction by devising a drained sub-base to be paved with fairly tight-fitting flat rocks. Few of these roads were wide enough to allow wagons to pass each other. In fact, the pavements were rather narrow for the passage of a single wagon; only chariots fitted comfortably.

Romans were not particularly successful in operating wagons or carts for the handling of freight. In common with other southern Eurasian cultures, the Romans kept oxen and knew how to employ their strength to draw loads using the horn and then the withered yoke. But they made no technical improvements on two-wheel and four-wheel carts. The wheels were rigidly fixed to the axle, forcing left and right wheels to revolve together and at the same speed but over different distances. Turning from a straight course thus forced one side to move farther than the other, dragging the wheels on one side while introducing considerable frictional resistance on the other. Furthermore, the axles were rigidly fixed to the cart's frame so any turning motion forced the cart to be dragged into a turn rather than turning into it by steering the direction of the wheels. Only the Celts had by Roman times discovered the efficiency of the pivoting front axle as well as a better harness to attach the horse to the cart.
  1. Immune

  2. Scanty

  3. Loom

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Multiple choice

Directions: According to the information in the passage, choose the appropriate synonym for the given word.

Drag

ROMAN LAND TRANSPORTATION: THE ROMAN ROAD SYSTEM
In the Roman Empire, for the first time in history, a system of fully connected roads (and of cities connected by roads) came into existence. But, its military and administrative purposes were clear; when the question was the shipment of wheat or other bulky staples, the method used was almost certainly a relatively primitive sailing ship. Land transport was too costly of food resources to be employed in freight shipment: the justification for the extensive land transportation system of the Roman Empire was the efficiency and speed it brought over to lordship and administration.
The chariot was capable of speeds that could assure relatively quick communication if a firm and reasonably sloping surface could be had. The Romans accomplished such construction by devising a drained sub-base to be paved with fairly tight-fitting flat rocks. Few of these roads were wide enough to allow wagons to pass each other. In fact, the pavements were rather narrow for the passage of a single wagon; only chariots fitted comfortably.

Romans were not particularly successful in operating wagons or carts for the handling of freight. In common with other southern Eurasian cultures, the Romans kept oxen and knew how to employ their strength to draw loads using the horn and then the withered yoke. But they made no technical improvements on two-wheel and four-wheel carts. The wheels were rigidly fixed to the axle, forcing left and right wheels to revolve together and at the same speed but over different distances. Turning from a straight course thus forced one side to move farther than the other, dragging the wheels on one side while introducing considerable frictional resistance on the other. Furthermore, the axles were rigidly fixed to the cart's frame so any turning motion forced the cart to be dragged into a turn rather than turning into it by steering the direction of the wheels. Only the Celts had by Roman times discovered the efficiency of the pivoting front axle as well as a better harness to attach the horse to the cart.
  1. Pull

  2. Lynch

  3. Kill

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

The passage describes how turning problems 'forced one side to [move] farther than the other, dragging the wheels on one side' and how the rigid axle meant 'any turning motion forced the cart to be dragged into a turn.' In this physical context, 'drag' means to pull something forcefully along a surface with friction - exactly what 'pull' means.

Multiple choice
  1. Sumptuary Laws

  2. Sometuary Laws

  3. Semptuary Laws

  4. Sontuary Laws

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Sumptuary Laws were legislation from 1294 to 1789 in medieval Europe that regulated clothing, food, and expenditure based on social class. These laws enforced social hierarchy by dictating what different classes could wear, consume, or display. The term comes from Latin 'sumptus' meaning expenditure.

Multiple choice
  1. State

  2. Individual

  3. State and Individual Both

  4. Family

  5. None of these

Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

For Aristotle, justice is a virtue of the state and not of the individual. He mentions two types of justice: distributive and corrective. His concept of distributive justice should not be understood in the modern egalitarian sense. Distributive justice in its modern sense seeks to reduce extreme inequalities in wealth and income.