Legal History and Systems

Legislation comes under the secondary and modern sources of Hindu law.

Fraternity means the sense or spirit of brotherhood that promotes unity and integrity in the nation and binds its people. Fraternity stands for standing up for fellow citizens and to resolve dispute and conflicts in well behaved and orderly manner that would not harm the integrity of the nation.

The primitive method of trade was known as the barter system where goods were exchanged for goods.

Mercantile law or commercial law is the law that regulates commercial activities of the economy. The Indian Mercantile Law owes its origin to the English Mercantile Law as  it has a direct influence on Indian law. The dependence of Indian Law on English Law is so high that, in the absence of any provision related to the issue in question, the direct recourse is to refer to the English Mercantile Law.

Lex mercatoria, often referred to as "the Law Merchant" in English, is the body of commercial law used by merchants throughout Europe during the medieval period. It evolved similar to English common law as a system of custom and best practice, which was enforced through a system of merchant courts along the main trade routes. It functioned as the international law of commerce. It is the most important source of Mercantile Law.

It is a set rules and regulations made by the  ecclesiastical authority for the governance of christian church and its members.

Roman society was heavily reliant on its sophisticated legal system, including the Twelve Tables and later civil law, to maintain order and regulate the vast, diverse empire.

Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including Roman Military Jurisdiction and the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence. Initially, Roman Law was only studied by scholars and taught at the universities, Bologna being the first place where Roman Law was taught. Soon Roman Law came to be applied in legal practice especially in the area of civil law. This process of readoption of Roman Law occurred at varied times and to various extents across all of Europe. Thus from about the 16th century onward, Roman Law was in force throughout most of Europe. However, in the process of adoption many Roman rules were amalgamated with, or amended to suit, the legal norms of the various European nations.

The scholar-gentry system allowed individuals to gain government positions through education and examinations. This shifted the basis of power from hereditary aristocracy to meritocratic achievement.

Early Han rulers softened the harsh authoritarian legalism of the preceding Qin Dynasty by blending it with Confucian moral principles, creating a more stable and enduring administrative system.

In the old Roman Empire a secretary was called 'Scribae', which means professional letter writer.

In the Roman Republic, the Senate and the consulship were dominated by the patrician class. These institutions were designed to maintain the political and economic power of the aristocracy.

As the Roman Empire faced manpower shortages, it increasingly relied on 'foederati' or foreign mercenaries, particularly Germanic tribes, to fill the ranks of the legions.