Labour and Industrial Relations

In execution of a decree for maintenance, one third of the salary of a person is exempted from attachment.

Option 2 does not constitute course of employment. The liability arises even though the servant acted against the express instruction and for no benefit of his master.

The offence committed by the employer is criminal breach of trust. An employer is entrusted with the amount of provident fund by the employee which is criminally misappropriated by the employer. Thus, due to entrustment by the employee, the amount of criminal misappropriation is an offence of criminal breach of trust under section 405 of the Indian Penal Code. 

Taylorism shifts planning and supervision work to managers, increasing their workload. Trade unions criticized it for destroying unions, eliminating collective bargaining, and increasing unemployment - but NOT for increasing manager workload (that's a feature, not a criticism from unions).

The ILO uses a unique tripartite structure where each member state is represented by two government delegates, one worker representative, and one employer representative. This ensures that labor issues are discussed with input from all three social partners, not just governments.

'Off' means 'end of something'.

Industrial Relations is a broad field encompassing all aspects of the employer-employee relationship. Job Redesigning, Wages Administration, and Trade Unions are all key components of industrial relations, making 'All of these' the correct comprehensive answer.

 Outstanding salaries would decrease net profit, because it is a liability still to be paid and added in debit side of profit and loss A/c. The items shown in debit side of profit and loss A/c decrease the net profit.

A trade union is an interest group because it organizes to advance and protect the specific economic and workplace interests of its members through collective bargaining and political advocacy. Unlike primary groups (based on intimate relationships) or anomic groups (spontaneous, unstructured), trade unions are formal, purposive organizations.

Statement 2 is correct as labour laws do protect workers in their workplaces by regulating safety, working conditions, and employment terms. Statement 3 is correct as these laws establish minimum living standards through minimum wage provisions and working condition regulations. Statement 1 incorrectly states that labour laws traditionally established political rights - this is not their primary function. Statement 4 is not always true as the right to strike is heavily regulated and not universally guaranteed.

Call off means to cancel or abandon something, like a strike. Call on means to visit or request someone to speak, call for means to demand or require, and call at means to stop briefly at a place. Workers ending a strike is calling it off.

Frederick Winslow Taylor, the father of Scientific Management, introduced Functional Foremanship and the Differential Piece Rate System. Functional Foremanship involves dividing supervision into specialized roles, while the piece rate system incentivizes productivity by paying workers based on their output. These principles were central to his efforts to improve industrial efficiency.

ESOP stands for Employee Stock Option Scheme, which is a program that grants employees the right to purchase company shares at a predetermined price.

“Won't join … even if” is the clue. Brian implies that even if there were no jobs available, he would not go back to his old job.