Inventors and Scientific Discoveries

Prof. Jagdish Chandra Bose demonstrated wireless communication for the first time in 1895 in Kolkata, predating Marconi's widely credited work. He is recognized as a pioneer in this field.

Steve Sasson, an engineer at Eastman Kodak, invented the first digital camera in 1975. It weighed 8 pounds and recorded to a cassette tape, taking 23 seconds to capture a 0.01 megapixel image.

Wilhelm Röntgen's first X-ray image was of his wife Bertha's hand, taken in 1895. The image clearly showed the bones in her hand and her wedding ring, which demonstrated the revolutionary potential of X-ray technology in medicine.

Douglas Engelbart invented the first computer mouse prototype in 1964 at Stanford Research Institute. It was made of wood with two metal wheels, earning it the nickname 'mouse' due to the cord resembling a tail. Von Neumann was a computer architecture pioneer, and Babbage designed early mechanical computers.

Benjamin Franklin is credited with the phrase 'Time is money' in his essay 'Advice to a Young Tradesman' (1748). Option D is correct. Franklin was an American polymath who emphasized the value of time and industry. Eisenhower, Bell, and Jefferson were all notable figures but not associated with this quote.

Mark Tilden invented the underlying mechanism of BEAM robotics, which focuses on simple, robust robot designs using analog circuits. William Grey Walter pioneered early autonomous robots, and Brosl Haslacher contributed to neural networks.

Ernest Rutherford is credited with the discovery of the proton through his gold foil experiment and subsequent work identifying the hydrogen nucleus in other atoms. Goldstein observed anode rays earlier, but Rutherford named and established the proton as a fundamental particle.

Blaise Pascal invented the mechanical calculator called the Pascaline in 1642 at age 19. It was designed to help his father with tax calculations. Charles Babbage designed the Analytical Engine much later, while Newton and Peano made contributions to mathematics but not mechanical calculators for addition.

Willem Luyten is credited with coining the term 'white dwarf' to describe these small, dense stellar remnants. White dwarfs are the final evolutionary state of stars like our Sun.

Grigori Perelman solved the Poincare Conjecture, one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems established by the Clay Mathematics Institute. He famously declined the $1 million prize award.

Wilhelm Röntgen received the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901 for his discovery of X-rays. His groundbreaking work in electromagnetic radiation revolutionized medical diagnostics and scientific understanding.

Jacobus H. van 't Hoff received the first Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1901 for his discoveries in chemical kinetics and osmotic pressure in solutions. Venkatraman Ramakrishnan won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry much later (2009), while Osamu Shimomura (2008) and Gerhard Ertl (2007) also won in the 21st century.

Emil von Behring received the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1901 for his work on serum therapy, particularly the development of diphtheria antitoxin. Martin J. Evans, Elizabeth H. Blackburn, and Mario R. Capecchi all won Nobel Prizes much later in the 2000s.

The first Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded in 1969 jointly to Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen (A), pioneers in econometrics. The other options are much later laureates: Leonid Hurwicz (2007), Elinor Ostrom and Oliver Williamson (2009), and Paul Krugman (2008).