Inventors and Scientific Discoveries

Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments is credited with inventing the first integrated circuit in 1958. Robert Noyce independently developed a more practical version using silicon shortly after.

John Von Neumann is credited with the stored-program concept, where both instructions and data are stored in the same memory space.

Niklaus Wirth created the Pascal programming language in 1970. It was designed as a language for teaching structured programming.

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invented the Stepped Reckoner in the 17th century, a mechanical calculator capable of performing all four arithmetic operations and square roots.

Babbage's Analytical Engine was never completed during his lifetime, but its design included the essential components of a modern computer, such as an ALU, memory, and control flow.

Cyclic photophosphorylation was the term,  named by the scientist Arnon. The synthesis of ATP from ADP during light reaction of photosynthesis,  is called photophosphorylation.

Ingen-Housz was a Dutch physiologist, biologist and chemist. He is best known for showing that light is essential to photosynthesis and thus having discovered photosynthesis. He also discovered that plants, like animals have cellular respiration.

Cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 under a simple magnifying device from a thin slice of cork. These were dead cells.

Douglas Engelbart is credited with inventing the computer mouse in the 1960s while working at the Stanford Research Institute. It was famously demonstrated in his 1968 presentation known as The Mother of All Demos.

Ada Lovelace is widely considered the first computer programmer for her work on Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine.

Seymour Cray was an American electrical engineer and supercomputer architect who designed a series of computers that were the fastest in the world for decades.

Howard Hathaway Aiken led the team at Harvard that developed the Harvard Mark I, which was an electromechanical computer used during World War II.

John von Neumann is credited with the von Neumann architecture, which describes a design for a digital computer with parts including a processing unit and a memory unit to store both data and instructions.

Charles Babbage designed the Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine, the latter of which is considered the first design for a general-purpose automatic digital computer.

J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly designed and built the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) at the University of Pennsylvania.