Indian Law and Jurisprudence

Section 33 of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932 specifies the proper procedure for expelling a partner. If expulsion is not carried out in accordance with these provisions, it is legally null and void - as if it never happened. Option B incorrectly suggests partial validity. Option C overstates the consequence by calling it unconstitutional. Option D incorrectly assumes good faith can cure procedural non-compliance.

Section 11 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 establishes that every person is competent to contract ONLY if they satisfy ALL three conditions: being of the age of majority, being of sound mind, and not being disqualified from contracting by any law. These conditions are cumulative, not alternative.

Grant of pardon wipes off the guilt of accused and brings him to the original position of innocence as if he had never committed the offence for which he was charged. Under Indian law, the President of India and the Governors of States have been given the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence. The law governing grant of pardon is contained in Articles 72 and 161 of the Constitution. 

Under Section 21 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, a mistake as to a law not in force in India has the same effect as a mistake of fact. This is because both parties are genuinely ignorant of something material - whether it's a fact or a foreign law that doesn't apply in India. Option A is correct. Option B (mistake of Indian law) is wrong - mistakes about Indian law generally don't affect validity (everyone is presumed to know the law). Options C and D (fraud, misrepresentation) involve different legal concepts with different elements.

Chapter 9A of the ID Act, 1947 stipulates about notice of change.

As per Section 22, a conciliation proceeding shall be deemed to have commenced on the date on which a strike or lockout is received by the conciliation officer.

In any industrial dispute or any matter appearing to be connected with or relevant to the dispute specified in the Second Schedule of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, the appropriate government by order in writing may make a reference for adjudication to Labour Court.

Hours of work and rest intervals is not a matter that falls within the jurisdiction of Labour Courts.

Complains for compensations up to 20 lakh can be filed at the District Forum.

Complains for compensations of more than 20 lakh, but up to 1 crore can be filed at the State Commission.

Complains for compensations of more than 1 crore can be filed at the National Commission.

Section 424 of Indian Penal Code provides for fraudulent concealment or removal of property from a place where it is deposited. Where one of the several partners removes the partnership books at night and when questioned, denies having done so, he is liable to be punished under section 424 of IPC.

When a person cheats by pretending to be some other person, whether real or imaginary, commits an offence of cheating by personation. ‘A’ pretends to be ‘B’. A commits an offence of cheating by personation as defined under section 416 and punishable under section 419 of Indian Penal Code.

Opinion expressed in good faith by A respecting the merits of the book submitted by the author to public judgement. A is within one of the exceptions of section 499 as he expressed his opinion respecting B’s character in good faith and as it appears in the book of B. It is not a defamation under section 499 and falls under the exceptions to defamation under section 499 of Indian Penal Code.

To succeed in the defence of insanity, the accused has to show that he was of unsound mind at the time of commission of the act. The defence of insanity falls under the chapter of General Exception of the Indian Penal Code.