Indian Climate and Seasons

• Delhi is located in the interior of the continent far away from sea thus it experiences extremes of temperature viz high heat in summer and: very cold in winter. Range of temperature 2 degrees to 45 degrees Celsius approximately.
• Kolkata is nearer to the sea thus experiences moderate changes in temperature from summer to winter thus Delhi is comparative extreme with respect to the range of temperature.

South India is a peninsula surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal, and the Arabian Sea. The proximity to large bodies of water moderates the temperature, preventing it from becoming as extremely hot as inland regions.

Ganganagar, located in the Thar Desert region of Rajasthan, is known for extreme temperatures and has historically recorded temperatures reaching as high as 52 degrees Celsius.

Tropical cyclones causes rains on the Coromandel coast. Devastating cyclones originate in the Indian ocean especially in the Bay of  Bengal. The highest frequency of the cyclones is in the month of October and the first half of November. These cyclones are accompanied by strong winds, dense cloud, thundering and heavy rain. 

Coromandal coast receives winter rainfall because of the retreating monsoon and the North-east Monsoon winds which pass over the Bay of Bengal. There they get moisture and when they reach the Tamil Nadu coasts they cause rainfall there. During the winter season, the northeast trade winds prevail over the country.

The monsoon is a seasonal modification of the general planetary wind system. Monsoon winds are most powerful India and China. During summer, the interior of Asia become hot and low pressure develops there. On the other hand, the water surface of Indian ocean remains cooler and the pressure gradient is towards the heated interior. So monsoon wind blows from water to land, it is moist and brings lots of rain. In winter the water is warmer than the land surface. As a result, the wind blows from the interior towards the ocean so it is cold and dry. 

Westerlies,

Subtropical climate zone:
Area - between the tropical zone and the temperate zone (25 degree to 40 degree North and South latitude).
Average temperature - 20 to 35 degree Celsius.
Precipitation - Dry, winter humidity and always wet areas.
Vegetation - Semi deciduous or evergreen forests, hardwood forest with winter rain, savannah, pasture land, semi desert, warm temperate moist forests, nemoral deciduous forests.

Tropical region occurs at 23$^o$ N and 23$^o$ S. The region is present at the equator. It is limited in latitude by the tropic of cancer in the north and the tropic of capricorn in the south.

In India, the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods are prone to cyclones, with May and June being common months for these events.

Dhangars were an important pastoral community of Maharashtra.  Most of them were shepherds, some were blanket weavers, and still others were buffalo herders. The Dhangar shepherds stayed in the central plateau of Maharashtra during the monsoon. This was a semi-arid region with low rainfall and poor soil. It was covered with thorny scrub. Nothing but dry crops like bajra could be sown here.  By October the Dhangars harvested their bajra and started on their move west. 

The Kurumas and Kurubas reared sheep and goats and sold woven blankets. They lived near the woods, cultivated small patches of land, engaged in a variety of petty trades and took care of their herds. In the dry season they moved to the coastal tracts, and left when the rains came. 

When the moisture saturated air comes across barriers such as mountains, it is forced to ascend and as it rises. Then condensation takes place and rainfall occurs. This type of rainfall is called relief rain or orographic rain. 

When the saturated air his obstructed by land form barrier such as mountains, it is forced to ascend and as it rises, it expands and temperature falls. As a result, condensation takes place and rainfall occurs. This type of rainfall is called as relief rain or orographic rainfall.