Biology

Human Immunity and Blood

2,096 Questions

Human immunity and blood questions cover the physiological mechanisms protecting the body against diseases and the components of blood. Topics include blood groups, cell mediated immunity, monoclonal antibodies, and blood coagulation. These biology topics frequently appear in general science sections of competitive exams.

Blood groupsCell mediated immunityMonoclonal antibodiesBlood coagulationCancer immunology

Human Immunity and Blood Questions

Multiple choice

Which type of immunodeficiency disorder is characterized by a deficiency in the production or function of complement proteins?

  1. Combined immunodeficiency

  2. Humoral immunodeficiency

  3. Cellular immunodeficiency

  4. Complement deficiency
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Complement deficiency is characterized by a deficiency in the production or function of complement proteins, which play a role in the activation of the immune system and the destruction of foreign particles.

Multiple choice

Which type of immunodeficiency disorder is characterized by a deficiency in the production or function of cytokines?

  1. Combined immunodeficiency

  2. Humoral immunodeficiency

  3. Cellular immunodeficiency

  4. Cytokine deficiency
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Cytokine deficiency is characterized by a deficiency in the production or function of cytokines, which are small proteins that play a crucial role in regulating the immune response.

Multiple choice

Which type of immune cells are responsible for immunological memory?

  1. B cells

  2. T cells

  3. Natural killer cells

  4. Macrophages
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
Correct answer
Explanation

Both B cells and T cells are responsible for immunological memory. B cells produce antibodies, which are proteins that recognize and bind to specific pathogens. T cells help B cells produce antibodies and also directly kill infected cells.

Multiple choice

What are the two main types of immunological memory?

  1. Short-term memory and long-term memory

  2. Humoral memory and cell-mediated memory

  3. Innate memory and adaptive memory

  4. Active memory and passive memory
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

The two main types of immunological memory are humoral memory and cell-mediated memory. Humoral memory is mediated by antibodies, which are produced by B cells. Cell-mediated memory is mediated by T cells, which directly kill infected cells and help B cells produce antibodies.

Multiple choice

Which of the following is NOT a type of immunological memory?

  1. Humoral memory

  2. Cell-mediated memory

  3. Innate memory

  4. Adaptive memory
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Innate memory is not a type of immunological memory. Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against infection and does not involve immunological memory. Humoral memory, cell-mediated memory, and adaptive memory are all types of immunological memory.

Multiple choice

Which cytokine is primarily responsible for the differentiation of naive T cells into regulatory T cells?

  1. Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

  2. Interleukin-4 (IL-4)

  3. Interleukin-10 (IL-10)

  4. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a key cytokine that promotes the differentiation of naive T cells into regulatory T cells.

Multiple choice

What is the mechanism by which regulatory T cells suppress immune responses?

  1. By releasing cytotoxic molecules

  2. By producing antibodies

  3. By inducing anergy in T cells

  4. By phagocytosing pathogens
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Regulatory T cells suppress immune responses primarily by inducing anergy in T cells, rendering them unresponsive to antigenic stimulation.

Multiple choice

Which type of immune tolerance is responsible for preventing immune responses against self-antigens that are expressed in the thymus?

  1. Central tolerance

  2. Peripheral tolerance

  3. Natural tolerance

  4. Acquired tolerance
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Central tolerance occurs in the thymus and involves the deletion of self-reactive T cells that recognize self-antigens.

Multiple choice

What is the mechanism by which central tolerance is achieved?

  1. Anergy

  2. Clonal deletion

  3. Suppression by regulatory T cells

  4. Antibody-mediated inhibition
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Central tolerance is primarily achieved through clonal deletion, a process in which self-reactive T cells are eliminated in the thymus.

Multiple choice

Which type of immune tolerance is responsible for preventing immune responses against self-antigens that are expressed in peripheral tissues?

  1. Central tolerance

  2. Peripheral tolerance

  3. Natural tolerance

  4. Acquired tolerance
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
B Correct answer
Explanation

Peripheral tolerance occurs in peripheral tissues and involves mechanisms that prevent self-reactive T cells from becoming activated.

Multiple choice

What is the mechanism by which anergy is induced in T cells?

  1. By binding to inhibitory receptors

  2. By releasing cytotoxic molecules

  3. By producing antibodies

  4. By phagocytosing pathogens
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Anergy in T cells is induced when they bind to inhibitory receptors, such as CTLA-4 and PD-1, which transmit inhibitory signals.

Multiple choice

Which cell type plays a crucial role in the induction of peripheral tolerance?

  1. Regulatory T cells

  2. Dendritic cells

  3. Macrophages

  4. Neutrophils
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Regulatory T cells play a critical role in the induction of peripheral tolerance by suppressing the activation of self-reactive T cells.

Multiple choice

Which cytokine is primarily responsible for the induction of immune exhaustion?

  1. Interleukin-2 (IL-2)

  2. Interleukin-4 (IL-4)

  3. Interleukin-10 (IL-10)

  4. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
D Correct answer
Explanation

Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a key cytokine that contributes to the induction of immune exhaustion, a state of functional impairment in T cells during chronic infections.

Multiple choice

What is the mechanism by which immune exhaustion is reversed?

  1. By blocking inhibitory receptors

  2. By releasing cytotoxic molecules

  3. By producing antibodies

  4. By phagocytosing pathogens
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
A Correct answer
Explanation

Immune exhaustion can be reversed by blocking inhibitory receptors, such as CTLA-4 and PD-1, which transmit inhibitory signals to T cells.

Multiple choice

Which type of immune cell is primarily responsible for mediating immune memory?

  1. Regulatory T cells

  2. Dendritic cells

  3. Memory T cells

  4. Neutrophils
Reveal answer Fill a bubble to check yourself
C Correct answer
Explanation

Memory T cells are primarily responsible for mediating immune memory, providing long-term protection against specific pathogens.