Geomorphic Processes

Correc answer is (2). 

In a folded mountain region, the typical pattern is anticlinal ridges and synclinal valleys. However, when erosion is more rapid on the ridges than valleys, the relief can invert - creating synclinal ridges and anticlinal valleys. This is known as Ridge and Valley Landscape or Inversion of Relief, commonly seen in the Appalachians. The other terms describe different coastal or erosional features.

It is an Inselberg.

Glaciated regions are characterized by deranged drainage patterns - irregular, chaotic stream networks with no clear direction or pattern. This occurs because glacial deposition creates irregular topography with numerous kettle lakes, moraines, and other features that disrupt normal drainage. The other options describe different soil and environmental conditions (swamps, slow decomposition due to cold, acidic soils) but not glaciation specifically.

An ox-bow lake forms when a meandering river creates a U-shaped bend that gets cut off from the main channel. Over time, erosion and deposition narrow the neck of the meander until the river breaks through, abandoning the bend and creating a standalone U-shaped water body. It's a fluvial process, not related to glaciers or sea waves.

Parabolic dunes are formed when vegetation partially covers the sand surface, anchoring the dune arms while the center remains mobile. This creates a U-shaped dune with the horns pointing upwind (opposite to barchans). Barchans are crescent-shaped dunes without vegetation, seifs are longitudinal dunes, and levees are river deposits, not dune types.

Playas are shallow, flat-floored desert depressions formed by the deflating action of winds, which remove fine sediments and leave behind a flat, often salt-encrusted surface. They are characteristic of arid regions where wind erosion is dominant. They are not formed by glacial, river, or marine erosion processes.

Mulching involves covering soil with organic material or plastic to conserve moisture, suppress weeds, and protect soil structure - it actually PREVENTS soil erosion rather than causing it. Excessive ploughing loosens topsoil making it vulnerable, overgrazing removes vegetation cover, and contour ploughing is a protective measure. Therefore, mulching is the action that does not cause soil erosion.

Contour trenching involves digging pits or trenches along the contour lines of a slope. These trenches accumulate runoff water, allowing it to infiltrate the soil rather than flowing down the slope and causing erosion. Bench terracing creates level platforms, contour terracing follows contours, and leveling creates flat surfaces - but specifically digging pits on slopes for runoff accumulation is contour trenching.

Soil conservation is the protection of soil from depletion or erosion. Option C correctly states this - soil is protected against loss or damage. Option A (aeration) is a soil management practice, not conservation. Option B (allowing erosion) is the opposite of conservation. Option D describes soil reclamation, not conservation.

Correct Answer: ravines

The North Indian plains were formed by alluvial deposition (sedimentation) carried down by the Himalayan rivers over millions of years. The Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra river systems transported enormous amounts of silt, sand, and clay from the mountains, depositing them in the vast foreland basin. Erosion and denudation are processes that remove material, not build plains.

 Bunds, dams and drains are constructed to prevent gully erosion.

Stone dams are specifically constructed to control the formation and expansion of gullies and ravines. They help reduce erosion velocity, allowing water to slow down and soil to settle. While they indirectly affect sheet erosion, their primary purpose is gully and ravine control in degraded lands.