Geomorphic Processes

This is the correct answer. Ploughing in a wrong way, i.e. up and down the slope, forms channels for the quick flow of water, leading to soil erosion. Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes. This is called contour ploughing.

Gradation is the overall process that brings the land surface to a common level through the combined actions of erosion and deposition. Aggradation adds material, erosion removes material, and weathering breaks down rocks - but gradation is the comprehensive leveling process.

Glaciers are masses of ice that flow over land either as continental ice sheets or as mountain glaciers through valleys. This definition distinguishes glaciers from other options: meanders are river bends, gorges are steep valleys, and stalactites are cave formations. Glaciers are formed from accumulated snow that compacts into ice and moves under gravity, carving distinctive U-shaped valleys and various erosional and depositional landforms.

All listed options - groundwater (through dissolution, cave formation), glaciers (through ice erosion, U-shaped valleys), and wind (through deflation, abrasion, dune formation) - are geomorphic agents that shape Earth's surface. Other geomorphic agents include rivers, waves, ocean currents, and human activity. Each agent has characteristic erosional and depositional landforms, making option D correct as it encompasses the complete set of natural forces modifying landscapes.

Parabolic dunes form when vegetation partially covers a sand surface, anchoring some areas while allowing sand to move around them, creating a distinctive U-shaped form. Barchans are crescent-shaped dunes without vegetation, seifs are longitudinal dunes, and a strait is a narrow water body between land masses.

Alkali flats (also called salt flats or playas) are level desert areas covered with salt deposits or alkaline crusts. They form in arid regions where water evaporates, leaving behind concentrated salt and mineral deposits. Deflation hollows are wind-scoured depressions, while pediments are sloping surfaces at mountain bases.

Weathering and erosion are geological processes that act together to shape the surface of the earth. In simple terms, weathering is a set of processes that break solid rocks at the place of their location into fragments. Erosion, on the other hand, is a group of processes that involve running water, blowing wind or moving ice that pick up and move these eroded fragments to a different location. Thus, weathering is in situ, while erosion is ex situ.

The top soil is removed in sheet erosion, not in Gully erosion.

This is the correct answer as sedimentation in reservoirs causes both deprivation of silt in plains and triggers floods.

Peat is formed from partially decayed vegetative matter that accumulates in waterlogged conditions like swamps and bogs. Over thousands of years, this organic material compresses but doesn't fully decompose due to lack of oxygen and acidic conditions. Marsh and swamp refer to the ecosystems themselves, not the accumulated matter, while slush refers to partially melted snow or ice.

Percolation refers to the downward movement of water through soil under the force of gravity. This process determines how quickly water drains through soil and affects water availability to plant roots. Absorption refers to water uptake by plant roots, moisture is static water content, and osmosis is cellular water movement across membranes.

Soil erosion is the detachment and removal of topsoil by natural forces like water (rain, rivers) or wind. This process strips away the fertile surface layer, reducing agricultural productivity and carrying sediment to waterways where it causes pollution.

Gravels are rock fragments between 2-64mm in size that form primarily through the erosion and weathering of larger rocks. Physical and chemical weathering processes break down parent rock material into progressively smaller fragments. While rivers and oceans can transport and deposit gravels (B and D), the formation itself occurs through erosion (C). Option A is incorrect because cobbles are larger than gravels, not their source.

Peninsular rivers are characterized by seasonal flow, flowing through shallow graded valleys with low gradients and little erosion, and most have reached a mature stage of development. However, meandering tendencies and frequent bed-shifting are NOT characteristics of peninsular rivers. These rivers have relatively stable courses compared to Himalayan rivers which are young and actively shifting.