Endocrine and Exocrine Glands

The prostate gland is an accessory gland in the male reproductive system that secretes fluid constituting part of semen. The testes are primary organs, epididymis is for sperm storage, and 'phallic gland' is not a standard anatomical term.

Bertholin's gland secretes mucus, which has lubricating property.

Leydig cells secrete testosterone.

Pre-ejaculate secretion is carried out by bulbourethral gland.

Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas, specifically in clusters called the islets of Langerhans. It regulates blood glucose levels by allowing cells to take in glucose from the bloodstream. Problems with insulin production or function lead to diabetes.

Insulin is secreted by the pancreas, specifically by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. It regulates blood sugar levels by allowing cells to absorb glucose.

The Pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain, just below the hypothalamus, in a small bony cavity called the sella turcica. It is often called the 'master gland' because it controls other endocrine glands.

Pituitary is called the master gland of the body.

Hypophysectomy is the surgical removal of the pituitary gland (hypophysis), used historically to treat cancers and study endocrine function. The prefix 'hypo-' refers to the pituitary, and '-ectomy' means removal. Option A correctly identifies this term.

The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine during stress, initiating the 'fight-or-flight' response - increased heart rate, blood pressure, and energy mobilization. This rapid response to emergencies earns the title 'emergency gland'. Option C is correct.

The thyroid gland obtains iodine from the bloodstream, not from lymph, kidney, or liver. Iodine absorbed from diet enters blood circulation, which is then taken up by thyroid follicular cells for hormone synthesis.

The adrenal gland produces two distinct hormone types: corticosteroids (cortisol, aldosterone) from the cortex and catecholamines (adrenaline) from the medulla. Other glands listed produce only one hormone type.

The thyroid gland changes size based on physiological conditions like puberty, pregnancy, stress, or disease. It does not remain constant. While age and pregnancy can affect size, "different physiological conditions" is the most comprehensive answer.

Adrenal glands regulate blood pressure through aldosterone (cortex) which controls fluid balance, and adrenaline (medulla) which increases heart rate and vascular tone. Thyroid, thymus, and corpus luteum do not directly control blood pressure.

The parathyroid glands are endocrine glands that secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism. PTH increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption, increasing calcium reabsorption in kidneys, and activating vitamin D. Salivary, sweat, and mammary glands are exocrine glands that secrete substances through ducts to epithelial surfaces.