Constitutions and Law

22 parts, 444 articles and 12 schedules

all of these

4th

Article 50 of the constitution deals with seperation of judiciary from the legislature.

Article 1(1) of the Indian Constitution states: 'India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.' This is a fundamental declaration about India's federal structure. The Union is indestructible; the states may be reorganized.

The Concurrent List (List III) containing subjects on which both Centre and States can legislate was adopted from the Australian Constitution. Australia followed a federal system with a similar division of powers between federal and state governments. The Indian Constitution borrowed from multiple countries - this specific feature came from Australia.

Fundamental Rights are enshrined in Part III (Articles 12-35) of the Indian Constitution. This part contains the heart of the Constitution guaranteeing basic liberties to citizens. Part I deals with Union Territory, Part II with Citizenship, and Part IV with Directive Principles.

The Basic Structure doctrine was propounded by the Supreme Court in the landmark Kesavananda Bharati case (1973). This doctrine holds that Parliament's amendment power under Article 368 is limited - it cannot alter the 'basic structure' of the Constitution. Golaknath case (1967) had earlier held that fundamental rights cannot be amended, but this was overruled by Kesavananda Bharati. Minerva Mills (1980) further developed this doctrine.

Article 17 of the Indian Constitution explicitly abolishes 'untouchability' and declares that enforcing any disability arising out of untouchability is an offence punishable by law. This is a fundamental right under Part III (Right to Equality). Article 32 provides for right to constitutional remedies, Article 19 deals with six freedoms, and Article 31(c) was a provision relating to property laws (now omitted).

Correct Answer: the Government of India Act, 1935

As of the data source cutoff, the Indian Constitution has 448 articles (originally 395) and 12 schedules (originally 8). Multiple amendments over 70+ years have added new articles and schedules. Option D (442 articles & 12 schedules) reflects the post-amendment structure at the time this question was framed.

The Preamble is called the 'key to the Constitution' because it contains the essence of the Constitution and reveals its basic philosophy. The Supreme Court has held that the Preamble is part of the Constitution and helps in interpreting ambiguous provisions. While the 42nd Amendment was important, it's not the 'key'. Fundamental Rights and DPSPs are parts of the Constitution, not the key to understanding it.

The United Kingdom has an uncodified (unwritten) constitution, meaning it's not contained in a single document but consists of statutes, court judgments, treaties, and constitutional conventions accumulated over centuries. In contrast, the USA, India, and Pakistan all have written constitutions that establish the framework of government.

Article 40 of the Indian Constitution, under Directive Principles of State Policy, explicitly states that the State shall take steps to organize village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government. This is the constitutional provision for Panchayati Raj.