Constitutions and Law

Option (1) is incorrect: Race is a ground in both Article 15 and Article 16 on which the State can discriminate. Option (2) is incorrect: Article 15 and Article 16 states prohibition of discrimination on grounds of caste. Option (3) is correct: Article 15 and Article 16 do not state prohibition of discrimination on grounds of residence. Option (4) is incorrect: Article 15 and Article 16 states prohibition of discrimination on grounds of place of birth.

Option (1) is incorrect: The constitution of India is not highly federal. Option (2) is incorrect: The constitution of India is partly federal and partly unitary. Option (3) is incorrect: The constitution of India is not highly unitary. Option (4) is correct: In a federal set up, there is a two tier Government with well assigned powers and functions. A unitary system is governed constitutionally as one single unit, with one constitutionally created legislature.

Option (1) is incorrect: The words were not added by the Forty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution. Option (2) is correct: The words ‘Socialist Secular’ have been inserted in the preamble by the Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution. Option (3) is incorrect: The words were not added by the Forty-first Amendment of the Constitution. Option (4) is incorrect: The words were not added by the Fortieth Amendment of the Constitution. 

A vote in support of the amendment by members of the Parliament who represent 2/3 of the provinces in Canada and 50% of the country's population.

(1) The Charter of Rights and Freedoms contains a 'notwithstanding' clause, i.e. to pass a law which conflicts with the Charter without amendment of the Constitution, which automatically expires after 5 years.

(3) All government contracts made in exercise of the executive power of the union shall be expressed to be made by the President under Article 299 of the Constitution of India.

A secular state means equal treatment of all the religions by the state.

There are 12 schedules in the Indian Constitution.

The Constitution of India is a living document, an instrument that makes the government system work.

Under Article 368, the Parliament can amend any provision of the Constitution, except the basic structure of the Constitution. The Supreme Court has restricted the power of Parliament to amend any provision of the Constitution.

(4) The Government of India, by the 42^nd Amendment of the Constitution in 1976 made the express provision for the protection and promotion of the environment, by the introduction of Articles 48A and 51A(g), which form the part of Directive Principles of State Policy and the Fundamental Duties, respectively.

Article 51 A (Fundamental Duties) of the Constitution of India is confined to all citizens of India.

Section 9 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 was held to be ‘intra-vires’ in the Constitution by the Supreme Court in the case of Saroj Rani Vs. Sudarshan.

The SC laid down certain guidelines so as to prevent the misuse of Article 356 of the Constitution.

1. The majority enjoyed by the Council of Ministers shall be tested on the floor of the House.
2. The centre should give a warning to the state and a time period of one week to reply.
3. The court cannot question the advice tendered by the CoMs to the President but it can question the material behind the satisfaction of the President, etc.

The Constitution (Ninety-first amendment) Act, 2003 restricts the size of Council of Ministers to 15% of the total number of members in the Parliament or the State Legislature.