Constitutions and Law

The Supreme Court of India was created by the constitution. On the 28^th of January, 1950, two days after India became a Sovereign Democratic Republic, the Supreme Court came into being.

Articles 148 to 151 of the Constitution deal with the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) - covering appointment, oath, conditions of service, duties, and powers. Article 152 is a separate interpretation provision.

Article 143 of the Constitution authorizes the President to consult the Supreme Court on any question of law or fact of public importance. Article 145 deals with Supreme Court rules, Article 144 with civil/judicial authorities acting in cooperation, and Article 146 with CAG appointment.

Correct Answer: an elected President In a republic form of government, the head of the state is an elected person and not a heredity monarch. This word denotes a government where no one holds a public power as proprietary right. As opposed to a monarchy, in which the head of state is appointed on hereditary basis for a lifetime or until he abdicates from the throne, a democratic republic is an entity in which the head of state is elected, directly or indirectly, for a fixed tenure. The President of India is elected by an electoral college for a term of five years. The post of the President of India is not hereditary. Every citizen of India is eligible to become the President of the country. The leader of the state is elected by the people.

Correct answer is (2). 

The Indian Constitution originally had 10 Fundamental Duties under Article 51A, added by the 42nd Amendment (1976). Later, the 86th Amendment (2002) added an 11th duty regarding education of children aged 6-14. Therefore, there are currently 11 Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution, making Option C correct.

The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) in the Indian Constitution were borrowed from the Irish Constitution. The framers were inspired by Ireland's approach to incorporating social and economic guidelines into the constitutional framework. Ireland itself had borrowed this concept from the Spanish Constitution of 1931. Therefore, Option C is correct.

Correct answer is (3). 

The Constitution of India does not obligate any citizen to perform Fundamental Duties. A citizen is morally obligated, not constitutionally obligated.

While Fundamental Rights protect individual liberties, Fundamental Duties prescribe citizen obligations, and the Preamble sets out ideals, the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) contain the most effective and comprehensive provisions for socio-economic justice. DPSP explicitly outline the state's responsibility in establishing social and economic democracy, including wealth distribution, equal pay, worker welfare, and equitable resource allocation. Thus, Option C is correct.

According to Article 44, the state shall endeavour to secure a uniform civil code for all citizens.

The Fundamental Duties of citizens were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, upon the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee that was constituted by the government earlier that year. Originally ten in number, the Fundamental Duties were increased to eleven by the 86th Amendment in 2002, which added a duty on every parent or guardian to ensure that their child or ward was provided opportunities for education between the ages of six and fourteen years. 

Correct Answer: Articles 36 to 51

Part IV (Art. 36 to 51) of Indian Constitution deals with Directive Principles of our State Policy (DPSP).

Statement 1 is wrong: Article 1 of the Indian Constitution says, “India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States”. The word 'federation' does not find any mention in the Indian Constitution. Statement 2 is correct: India opted for the federal form of Government due to its large size and socio-cultural diversities.

Statement 1 is wrong and statement 2 is correct: The Indian Federation is not the result of agreement of independent and sovereign states and hence, the states do not have the right to secede from the Union.