Constitutions and Law

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar called Article 32 (Right to Constitutional Remedies) the 'heart and soul of the Constitution' because it provides the mechanism to enforce all other fundamental rights. Without this right, citizens would have no means to approach the Supreme Court if their fundamental rights are violated.

Article 15 (prohibition of discrimination) is a fundamental right provision requiring special majority (Article 368) and sometimes ratification by states. Articles 17 (untouchability abolition), 23 (traffic in human beings prohibition), and 27 (no tax for promotion of religion) are also fundamental rights but have different amendment procedures. Article 15's amendment for protective discrimination involved special majority plus state ratification.

Part XX of the Indian Constitution deals with the amendment of the Constitution. Article 368, which is in Part XX, outlines the procedure for constitutional amendments. Parts XVIII, XIX, and XXI deal with emergency provisions, miscellaneous matters, and temporary/transitional provisions respectively.

The Indian Constitution originally recognized 6 fundamental rights: Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right against Exploitation, Right to Freedom of Religion, Cultural and Educational Rights, and Right to Constitutional Remedies. The Right to Property was removed as a fundamental right by the 44th Amendment in 1978 and made a legal right under Article 300A.

Part XV of the Indian Constitution (Articles 324-329) deals with elections and establishes the Election Commission of India as a constitutional body. This part covers the conduct of elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and the offices of President and Vice-President.

Part XV of the Indian Constitution (Articles 324-329) deals with elections and establishes the Election Commission of India as a constitutional body. This part covers the conduct of elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and the offices of President and Vice-President.

The concept of Five Year Plans in India was borrowed from the USSR (Soviet Union). India adopted centralized planning to achieve rapid industrialization and economic development after independence, with the First Five Year Plan launched in 1951.

The 42nd Amendment Act (1976) added three words to the Preamble: Socialist, Secular, and Integrity. 'Socialist' commits to social and economic equality, 'Secular' ensures equal treatment of all religions, and 'Integrity' emphasizes national unity.

The Constitution of India is divided into 22 parts, covering topics from the Union and its territories to emergency provisions, amendments, and miscellaneous provisions. Each part addresses specific aspects of governance and rights.

Article 17 of the Indian Constitution explicitly abolishes untouchability and forbids its practice in any form. It is a fundamental right available against the State as well as private individuals. Articles 19, 21, and 13 deal with different freedoms (Article 19: six freedoms, Article 21: right to life, Article 13: laws inconsistent with fundamental rights).

The presidential oath, as specified in Article II of the US Constitution, states 'preserve, protect and defend' the Constitution. 'Defend' is the correct word. The question has typos including 'costitutaion' instead of 'constitution'. 'Implement', 'secure', and 'improve' are not the constitutional wording.

The Planning Commission (now replaced by NITI Aayog) was established by a 1950 executive resolution, making it a non-constitutional body. The Election Commission (Article 324), Finance Commission (Article 280), and Inter State Council (Article 263) are all constitutional bodies with their foundation in the Constitution itself.

Under India's judicial system, constitutional validity of laws can be challenged in both the High Court (under Article 226) and the Supreme Court (under Article 32 and 136). Writ jurisdiction exists at both levels. After High Court decision, parties can appeal to the Supreme Court.