Constitutions and Law

Article 22 of the Indian Constitution allows preventive detention but requires that no person be detained beyond 3 months without an Advisory Board approval. This is a safeguard against arbitrary detention. Option B is incorrect - grounds need not be conveyed before arrest. Option C is wrong since B is false. Option D is incorrect since A is true.

Statement 1 is correct: Article 44 of the Indian Constitution provides for Uniform Civil Code, which means that all sections of the society shall be treated equally. Statement 2 is correct: The Supreme Court, in Sarla Mudgal Case, held that conversion to Islam, by itself, would not dissolve a Hindu marriage registered under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955.

The original list of DPSPs contained provision for separation of judiciary from executive (under Article 50) and provision for prohibiting consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs (under Article 47). The 42^nd Amendment Act added four new DPSPs to the original list. To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor (under Article 39A) and to protect and improve environment (under Article 48A) are two of those four principles.

The 5^th schedule of the Constitution deals with the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes in any state, except in the 4 states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram which have been dealt separately in the 6^th schedule of the Indian Constitution. Hence, option '3' is correct.

Option 1 is wrong because National Commission for Minorities is a statutory body enacted by the Parliament by an Act, National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992. Option 2 is correct because National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) is a constitutional body which has been constituted under Article 338 of the Constitution of India as amended by the Constitution (Eighty-ninth Amendment) Act, 2003.  Option 3 is incorrect because National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India is an autonomous statutory body established on 12 October, 1993 under the provisions of Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. Option 4 is incorrect because National Commission for Minorities and National Human Rights Commission are the statutory bodies.

Article 315 of the Constitution provides that if two or more States agree that there should be a Joint Public Service Commission for them and their legislatures pass resolutions to that effect, then Parliament may by law appoint a Joint State Public Service Commission to serve their needs. According to Article 318 of the India Constitution, the Chairman and members of UPSC or a Joint PSC are appointed by the President and those of a State PSC are appointed by the respective State Governors.

Articles 25 to 28 deal with the right to freedom of religion. They also exhibit the secular character of the State. The list goes like this: Article 25 - Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion Article 26 - Freedom to manage religious affairs  Article 27 - Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion Article 28 - Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain educational institutions

Articles 148-151 are relating to the powers and functions of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India. Hence, option 4 is incorrect and options 1, 2 and 3 are correctly matched. Article 148 - Comptroller and Auditor General of India Article 149 - Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor General Article 150 - Form of accounts of the Union and that of the States Article 151 - Audit reports

Under Part XXI of the Constitution of India, which deals with “Temporary, Transitional and Special provisions”, the State of Jammu and Kashmir has been accorded special status under Article 370. Even though included in the 1^st Schedule as 15^th state, all the provisions of the Constitution which are applicable to other states are not applicable to J&K. Special Features - J&K is the only state in India which has a Constitution of its own. The Constitution of J&K was enacted by a separate Constituent Assembly set up by the State and it came into force on 26^th January, 1957. Autonomy in certain matters Any action of the Union Legislature or Union Executive which results in alteration of the name or territories or an international treaty or agreement affecting the disposition of any part of the territory of the state requires the consent of the State Legislature or the State Executive (as the case may be) to be effective. Hence, statement 1 is correct. Emergency Provisions The Union of India has no power to declare Financial Emergency under Article 360 in the state. Hence, statement 4 is correct. The union can declare emergency in the state only in case of war or external aggression. No proclamation of emergency made on the grounds of internal disturbance or imminent danger thereof shall have effect in relation to the state unless (a) it is made at the request or with the concurrence of the government of the state; or (b) where it has not been so made, it is applied subsequently by the President to that state at the request or with the concurrence of the government of that state. (Hence, statement 2 is correct). In December 1964, Articles 356 and 357 were extended to the state. The Union shall have no power to suspend the Constitution of the State on the ground of failure to comply with the directions given by the Union. (Hence, statement 3 is incorrect) Fundamental Duties, Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights Part IV (Directive Principles of the State Policy) and Part IVA (Fundamental Duties) of the Constitution are not applicable to J&K. In addition to other fundamental rights, Articles 19(1)(f) and 31(2) of the Constitution are still applicable to J&K; hence, the Fundamental Right to property is still guaranteed in this state.

According to its provision, any law included in the schedule is not subject to judicial review. There are about 284 laws in the 9^th schedule. Initially, there were only 13 laws in the ninth schedule, but now there are around 284 laws in it, including the controversial 69 percent reservation law of Tamil Nadu, which violates the apex court's 50 percent ceiling on quotas.

In a republic form of government, the head of the state is an elected person and not a hereditary monarch. This word denotes a government where no one holds a public power as proprietary right. A democratic republic is an entity in which the head of state is elected, directly or indirectly, for a fixed tenure. The President of India is elected by an electoral college for a term of five years. The post of the President of India is not hereditary. Every citizen of India is eligible to become the President of the country. The leader of the state is elected by the people.

The salient feature of the Indian Constitution includes all the given options, except (1). Presidential type of government is not the salient feature of the Indian constitution. India follows Parliamentary type of government. USA follows a Presidential type of government. 

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers and duties of government institutions. The Constitution of India is divided into 22 parts. 

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It lays down the framework defining the fundamental political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles and the duties of citizens. Originally, there were 395 Articles and 8 Schedules, which further increased to 12.