Constitutions and Law

The correct list of provisions of the Indian Constitution and their sources is:

1. Public Service Commission   -  Government of India Act 1935
2. Procedure for amendment to the Constitution  -  South African Constitution
3. Method of election of the President  -  Irish Constitution
4. Joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament  -  Australian Constitution

Article 249 empowers Parliament to legislate on State matters in national interest (Rajya Sabha resolution). Article 252 allows Parliament to legislate on State subjects with State consent. Article 253 covers international agreements. Article 248 (Residuary powers) gives Parliament authority over matters not in State/Union lists. Together with Articles 245-246 (territorial extent and subject distribution), these create Parliament's power to enter State domain under specific circumstances.

In Surjeet Singh Thind v. Kanwaijit Kaur (2019), the Supreme Court held that subjecting a woman to a virginity test without consent violates her right to privacy under Article 21 and right to dignity under Article 14. The court ruled such tests are unconstitutional and invasive, reinforcing that a woman's virtue cannot be tested through medical examination. This judgment strengthened protection of women's bodily autonomy and privacy rights.

In Seema v. Ashwini Kumar (2006), the Supreme Court directed that all marriages (regardless of religion) must be made compulsorily registerable in the states where they are solemnized. This was a landmark directive to create a uniform marriage registration system across India.

The 81st Constitutional Amendment (2000) introduced Article 16(4A), which allows reservation in promotions for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. This amendment validated reservations in promotions that had been challenged in court. The 77th, 85th, and 87th Amendments dealt with other matters (like reservation for economically weaker sections or other constitutional provisions).

Devadasan v. Union of India (1994) is the landmark case where the Supreme Court struck down the 'carry forward rule' as unconstitutional, holding that it violated Article 16(4) of the Constitution by treating backward classes more favorably than Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The Court ruled that carry forward of reserved vacancies beyond 50% would be unconstitutional. Balaji v. State of Mysore earlier affirmed caste-based classification but did not address carry forward. Ashok Kumar Thakur dealt with the creamy layer concept in OBC reservations.

Justice J.S. Verma Committee Report (1999) was constituted to operationalize Fundamental Duties in Part IVA of the Constitution. The committee recommended various measures including making citizens aware of their duties, incorporating fundamental duties in educational curriculum, and ensuring their enforcement. It did not relate to duty to vote, freedom of religion, or National Judicial Commission. The committee's work specifically focused on effectuation of the ten fundamental duties added by the 42nd Amendment.

Option C is correct. The Full Faith and Credit clause (Article 261 in India) applies to public acts, judicial proceedings, and public records. It requires states to give recognition to these from other states. 'Acts of Corporation' refers to acts of private corporate bodies, which are not covered by this constitutional provision meant for inter-governmental comity.

The Full Faith and Credit Clause applies to public acts, public records, and judicial proceedings but does not apply to acts of corporations or private entities. This constitutional provision ensures that states recognize and enforce the official acts, records, and court decisions of other states. Corporate acts fall outside this interstate comity requirement.

The Keshavanand Bharati case (1973) is famously called the 'Fundamental Rights case' because it dealt with the scope of Parliament's power to amend fundamental rights under Article 368 and established the Basic Structure doctrine. While M.C. Mehta (environment), S.P. Gupta (judicial independence), and Champakam Dorairajan (reservation) are important cases, they don't hold this specific title.

In Seema vs. Ashwani kumar, the Supreme Court held that the Registration of Marriage should be made compulsory. 

Constitution Amendment Bills have to be passed in each House of Parliament by a special majority, ie. by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of the House 'present and voting'.

Justice Verma Committee was conscious of the fact that any non-operationalization of Fundamental Duties might not necessarily be the lack of concern or non-availability of legal and other enforceable provisions; but it was more a case of lacuna in the strategy of implementation

In Hohfeld's analytical framework of legal concepts, the correlative of liberty is no-right. Liberty means one may act without being accountable to others; the corresponding position from others' perspective is no-right - they have no legal claim to prevent that action. Right correlative is duty, power correlative is liability.