Constitutions and Law

The 44th Constitutional Amendment (1978) removed the right to property from Part III (Fundamental Rights) and reclassified it as a legal right under Article 300A. This was during Emergency period aftermath. 1976 was when the 42nd Amendment was passed.

Correct Answer: South Africa

Under Article 368, certain constitutional amendments (those affecting federal structure or requiring ratification) need ratification by at least half of the state legislatures. This means no less than half the states must approve. The required majority in Parliament for such amendments is two-thirds, but the threshold for states is simply 'half'.

All countries that have constitutions are not necessarily democratic, but all countries that are democratic will have constitutions. Thus, this is the correct answer.

The Constituent Assembly that wrote the Indian constitution had 299 members. The members deliberated for 114 days spread over three years before the Constitution was drafted. This is the correct answer as both the statements are correct.

This is the correct answer as this statement is incorrect about the preamble to the Indian constitution.

This is the correct answer as all these statements are correct. There are provisions to incorporate changes in the constitution from time to time. The Indian constitution lays down a procedure for choosing persons to govern the country. The Indian constitution puts limits to what the government can do by providing some rights to the citizens that cannot be violated.

The United States of America adopted a democratic constitution in 1787.

A republican form of government is one where the head of state is an elected representative rather than a hereditary monarch. India's President is elected by an electoral college, making India a republic.

Article 1 of the Indian Constitution declares 'India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.' The term 'Union' emphasizes the indestructible nature of the federation while allowing for flexibility in state boundaries.

A democratic republic means the head of state is elected by the people or their representatives rather than being hereditary. India's President is indirectly elected by an electoral college, making India a democratic republic.

Correct Answer: is a part of the Constitution

If the President is satisfied that there is an economic situation in which the financial stability or credit of India is threatened, he or she can declare financial emergency. Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within two months. It has never been declared. Such a situation had arisen, but was avoided by putting the gold assets of India as collateral for foreign credit. It remains enforced till the President revokes it. In case of a financial emergency, the President can reduce the salaries of all government officials, including judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. All money bills passed by the State legislatures are submitted to the President for his approval. He can direct the state to observe certain principles (economy measures) relating to financial matters. The phrase Emergency period, used loosely when referring to the political history of India, often refers to the third and the most controversial of the three occasions.

The Planning Commission was not a constitutional body - it was established by a Cabinet resolution in 1950 and could be dissolved or restructured by executive decision (indeed, it was replaced by NITI Aayog in 2015). UPSC (Article 315-323), Election Commission (Article 324), and Finance Commission (Article 280) are all explicitly established by the Constitution of India.

Article 61 of the Constitution of India provides for the impeachment of the President. The President can be impeached for 'violation of the Constitution' by a resolution passed by a two-thirds majority of the total membership of both Houses of Parliament. Article 75 deals with Council of Ministers, Article 76 with Attorney General, and Article 356 with President's Rule.