Constitutions and Law

Both statements are correct. Statement 1 is true - Article 13 of the Constitution declares that laws inconsistent with Fundamental Rights are void, establishing judicial review. Statement 2 is also true - Articles 32 and 226 provide the mechanism for enforcement of Fundamental Rights through the Supreme Court and High Courts respectively, making them justiciable rights.

The Press Licensing Regulations of 1823 required every book or newspaper to print the printer and publisher's name and supply a free copy to the local government. This was part of British colonial control over the press in India.

Assertion A is true: The Constituent Assembly of 1946 was indeed not elected through universal adult franchise. Members were elected by the provincial assemblies, which themselves were elected on a limited franchise based on property, tax, and education qualifications. Reason R is also true but is not the correct explanation for A. The real reason for not using universal adult franchise was the practical difficulties of conducting elections on that scale during the transitional period, communal representation considerations, and the need to ensure representation of all communities - not Gandhiji's desire for best talent.

The correct answer is 'are'. The sentence describes a sequence in the present tense: amendments will be ratified (future passive) before they are presented (present passive). The 'before' clause uses present tense to show a condition that must occur first. 'Would be' would require the main clause to be in past tense, while 'will be' would be redundant with the earlier 'will be ratified'.

Article 112 of the Indian Constitution mandates that the President shall cause to be laid before both Houses of Parliament an annual financial statement (the Budget) showing estimated receipts and expenditure. This constitutional requirement ensures the Budget is presented before March 31st, the end of the financial year, for parliamentary approval and discussion.

The 42nd Amendment (1976) explicitly stated that Directive Principles shall have primacy over Fundamental Rights. However, the Supreme Court later struck down this primacy clause in the Minerva Mills case (1980), restoring the balance. At the time of the amendment, Article 31C was expanded to give DPSP precedence.

The Preamble to the Indian Constitution reads 'Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic'. The term 'Federal' is explicitly absent as India describes itself as a 'Union of States' (Article 1), not a federal structure. India has federal features but is not strictly federal like the USA.

The Planning Commission was established by executive resolution in 1950 and was not a constitutional body. It was replaced by NITI Aayog in 2015. In contrast, Finance Commission, UPSC, and Election Commission are explicitly established by constitutional provisions (Articles 280, 315-323, and 324 respectively) and cannot be abolished by ordinary legislation.

Economic Planning is listed in the Concurrent List (List III) of the Indian Constitution. Both the Union and State governments can make laws on subjects in this list. The Union List has subjects exclusive to the central government, while State List subjects are exclusive to states.

Article 370 granted special autonomous status to Jammu and Kashmir, allowing the state to have its own constitution and considerable independence from the Indian Union. This article was a temporary provision that gave J&K unique powers compared to other states.

The Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV of the Constitution) are non-enforceable in courts, unlike Fundamental Rights (Part III). They are guidelines for the government to establish a just society. The government cannot be sued for not implementing them, which is why they are described as 'non-enforceable'. They are not quasi-enforceable or partly enforceable - they are entirely non-justiciable.

Article 343 of the Indian Constitution recognizes Hindi in Devanagari script as the official language of India. This article is part of Part XVII of the Constitution dealing with official languages.

Economic Justice is mentioned in the Preamble (socialist, secular), Directive Principles (Article 39), and Fundamental Rights (Article 300A). The Preamble's socialist commitment and Directive Principles' economic directives together with Fundamental Rights' property provisions establish Economic Justice.

The Fundamental Duties of citizens were added by the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 during the Emergency period under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. They were inspired by the recommendations of the Sardar Swaran Singh Committee and were added as a new Part IVA (Article 51A) to the Constitution.