Cell Biology and Structure

Mitochondrial cristae are folds of the mitochondrial inner membrane that provide an increase in the surface area. This allows a greater space for processes that happen across this membrane.

Mitochondria are the sites of oxidative phosphorylation, the process by which ATP is generated in the cell. This is why they are often called the powerhouses of the cell.

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign substances, earning them the title of the cell's waste disposal or recycling system.

The tonoplast is the specialized membrane that surrounds the central vacuole in plant cells, regulating the passage of ions and molecules between the cytosol and the vacuole.

Vacuoles are large membrane-bound organelles in plant cells that serve as storage compartments. They often store waste materials, water, and nutrients.

This option is correct. Seipin is a homo-oligomeric integral membrane protein in the endoplasmic reticulum that concentrates at junctions with cytoplasmic lipid droplets.

This option is correct. SEC31 is a protein that promotes the formation of transport vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum in the yeast.

This option is correct. CD36 is an integral membrane protein that is found on the surface of many cell types in vertebrate animals.

In the absence of costimulator, a cell becomes anergic and incapable of subsequent response to the specific antigen.

White blood cells (leukocytes) are eukaryotic cells and contain a nucleus and nucleolus, unlike mature red blood cells. Bacterial cells are prokaryotic and lack a true nucleus/nucleolus.

Ribosomes are the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis. They translate messenger RNA (mRNA) into polypeptide chains.

Mithochondria is a membrane bound organelle having two membranes i.e., outer and inner and two compartiments i.e., intermembrane space and matrix. The outer membrane is a typical lipoproteinaceous smooth while inner membrane have large number of foldings into matrix called as cristae or mitochondrial crestae.

 Extrachromosomal or extranuclear  DNA is any DNA that is found outside of the nucleus of a cell. It is present in chloroplast 

 Plant cells lack the 'centrioles' (centrosome) which are characteristic feature of animal cell and forms mitotic poles.

 Lysosomes are called suicide bags. They contain hydrolytic enzymes.