Carbohydrates and Biomolecules

Monellin, is a sweet protein and was discovered in 1969 in the fruit of the West African shrub known as the serendipity berry (Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii). Monellin has the sweetness value of 3000.

A sugar substitute is a food additive that duplicates the effect of sugar in taste,. Some sugar substitutes are natural and some are synthetic. Those that natural are in general, called natural sweeteners. Examples are - Pentadin, xylitol,  etc. Those that are not natural and obtained by artificially, in general are called artificial sweeteners. Examples are - alitame, sucralose, glucin, dulcin, etc.

P. Thaumatin is a low-calorie sweetener and flavour modifier. The thaumatins were first found as a mixture of proteins isolated from the katemfe fruit (Thaumatococcus daniellii Bennett) of west Africa. Its sweetness value is 2000. Q. A mogroside is a compound, and constitutes of glycoside of cucurbitane derivatives. They are found in certain plants, such as the fruit of the gourd vine (Siraitia grosvenorii). Its sweetness value is 300. R. Curculin is a sweet protein that was discovered and isolated in 1990 from the fruit of Curculigo latifolia. It has a  sweetness value of 550. Mabinlins are sweet-tasting proteins extracted from the seed of Mabinlang (Capparis masaikai Levl.). Mabinlin has the sweetness value of 100.

Honey contains approx. 38% levulose.

The disaccharides are most abundant oligosaccharides in the cells. They are called double sugars. Biologically important double sugars are lactose, maltose and sucrose.

Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates into simpler sugars like maltose. It is produced in the salivary glands and pancreas, playing a crucial role in digestion by converting starch into sugars that the body can absorb. Option A incorrectly identifies it as a chemical base for paints, while B wrongly calls it a disease, and C is unrelated.

Nucleic acids contain pentose sugars (5-carbon sugars). DNA contains deoxyribose and RNA contains ribose, both of which are pentose sugars, not hexose, fructose, or glucose.

This is the correct option. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, all are the constituents of carbohydrates. These are used to synthesise other components of food such as proteins and fats.

Dextran is a complex, branched homopolysaccharide made of many glucose molecules. Amylopectin is homopolysaccharide of glucose.

Saccharin is an artificial sweetener that provides sweetness without calories because the human body cannot metabolize it. In contrast, glucose, fructose, and maltose are natural carbohydrates that provide approximately 4 calories per gram when metabolized by the body.

Sucrose is a molecule with nine stereocentres and many sites that are reactive or can be reactive. 

Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in our body.

Amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch into simpler reducing sugars like maltose. Sucrase, catalase, and maltase target different substrates.