Carbohydrates and Biomolecules

Galactitol is a sugar alcohol, the reduction product of galactose.It is produced from galactose in a reaction catalyzed by aldose reductase. Galactose itself comes from the metabolism of the disaccharide lactose into glucose and galactose.

Glucosamine is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Glucosamine is part of the structure of the polysaccharides chitosan and chitin, which compose the exoskeletons of crustaceans.

The Shi epoxidation is a chemical reaction described as an asymmetric epoxidation of olefins with oxone (potassium peroxymonosulfate) and a fructose-derived catalyst.

This option is correct because arabinose is an aldopentose, a monosaccharide containing five-carbon atom and including an aldehyde functional group.

This option is correct because sucrose is known as cane sugar. When sucrose is hydrolysed with an acid or an enzyme, it gives an equimolar mixture of D-glucose and D-fructose.

A peptide bond (amide bond) is a covalent chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, causing the release of a molecule of water. Hence the process is a dehydration synthesis reaction (also known as a condensation reaction), and usually occurs between amino acids.

A Haworth projection is a common way of representing the cyclic structure of monosaccharides with a simple three-dimensional perspective.

Tetrahydropyran is the organic compound consisting of a saturated six-membered ring containing five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. The tetrahydropyran ring system is the core of pyranose sugars.

Hemoglobin is a iron containing protein found in red blood cells.It carries respiratory gases.

Statement 1 is correct. Sucralose is an artificial sweetener. The majority of ingested sucralose is not broken down by the body, so it is non-caloric. Statement 2 is incorrect. Aspirin is used as a blood thinner because of its anti-coagulant property.

Sucrose is a disaccharide that contains glucose and fructose. Sugar is transported within the plant's body in the form of sucrose, and this the sugar we use at the table to sweeten our food.

Hyaluronate is a kind of heteropolysaccharide.

Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar because its glycosidic bond links the anomeric carbons of both glucose and fructose (C1 of glucose to C2 of fructose). This leaves no free anomeric carbon available to reduce other compounds. In contrast, maltose and lactose both have free anomeric carbons and act as reducing sugars.

Pullulanase and isoamylase: Both are glucose debranching enzymes.

This option is correct,  because human digestive system does not contain enzymes,  which can hydrolyse cellulose into glucose.