Carbohydrates and Biomolecules

Peptidoglycan, Agarose, Hyaluronate: All are heteropolysaccharides

Wood charcoal is used to decolorize raw sugar through the process of adsorption where impurities stick to the porous charcoal surface. The activated carbon in wood charcoal has a massive surface area that traps colored compounds. This process filters out the brown color from raw sugar juice, producing the white refined sugar we commonly use.

Wood charcoal (also called activated carbon) is used in sugar refineries to decolorize raw sugar through adsorption. Its porous structure efficiently removes colored impurities. Animal charcoal (bone char) can also be used, but wood charcoal is the standard. Sugar and coconut charcoals have specialized uses.

Monomer is a small repeating unit which forms a large compound called polymer. Cellulose is also a polymer, which is made up of many repeating units of glucose. 

Cellulose is an insoluble substance which is the main constituent of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibres such as cotton. It is a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers.

Mutarotation does not occur in Sucrose. It is a compound which is the chief component of cane or beet sugar.

Rayon is chemically composed of regenerated cellulose. It's produced from cellulose (usually from wood pulp) through a chemical process that creates a semisynthetic fiber. Glucose is a simple sugar, amylase is an enzyme, and peptin is also related to carbohydrates - none describe rayon's chemical nature.

Pullulanase and isoamylase, both are glucose-debranching enzymes.

Neotame is 7,000 to 13,000 times sweeter than sugar. It was approved for use as a general-purpose sweetener by the FDA in 2002.

The degree of sweetening is given by the comparison of sweetening agent with sucrose. Cyclamate is 30 times sweeter than sugar.

P. Sucralose is a trichloro derivative of sucrose. Its appearance and taste is like sugar. Its sweetness value is 600. Q. Aspartame is a methyl ester of dipeptide formed from aspartic acid and phenylalanine. Its sweetness value is 100. R. Acesulfame-K is a synthetic compound that acts as a synergist with other sweeteners. Its sweetness value is 200.

An artificial sweetener is a sugar substitute and chemically synthesized. These are added to some foods to make them taste sweet. For e.g.,  acesulfame-K, sucralose, alitame, saccharin, etc. Xylitol is a white odourless crystalline powder that has been used as a sweetening agent in food for over 40 years. The substance occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables. Sorbitol occurs naturally in various fruits and berries. First discovered in 1872, it is today commercially produced by the hydrogenation of glucose and is available in both liquid and crystalline form. Since xylitol and sorbitol occur naturally, they represent natural sweetener agents.

Aspartame is a dipeptide. It is a compound of two amino acids joined together (aspartic acid and phenylalanine). Only a very small amounts are needed for sweetening purposes. Ortho-sulphobenzimide, also called saccharin, is the first popular artificial sweetening agent. Sucralose is a trichloro derivative of sucrose.

Sucralose is a trichloro derivative of sucrose. Its appearance and taste are like sugar. It is stable at cooking temperature. It does not provide calories and thus, used in the making of sweets for diabetic patients.

Sucralose is a trichloro derivative of sucrose. Its appearance and taste are like sugar. It is stable at cooking temperature.