Botany and Plant Science

The remaining part of nucellus is called perisperm.

In plants only a sporophyte produces spores.

The secondary nucleus of angiosperm after fertilization is 3x. The second sperm cell fuses with both central cell nuclei, producing a triploid (3x) cell. As the zygote develops into an embryo, the triploid cell develops into the endosperm, which serves as the embryo's food supply.

In angiosperms, the embryo sac represents female gametophyte.

The ovule can be compared to megasporangium.

After fertilization, fruit is derived from ovary.

Hydathodes are special pore bearing structures present on the margin of the leaf to allow guttation.

The pollen grains mature inside the ovule and produce sperm cells.

Vessel elements are present in Gnetophytes. The vessels in the wood of gnetopsids are derived from tracheids with circular bordered bits, in contrast to the vessels of angiosperms, which are derived from scalariform tracheids.

Ovaries are absent in gymnosperms and thus, the seeds are naked.

Arils are found in yews and related conifers. Aril is a specialised outgrowth from seed that partially or completely covers the seed.

The term microsporophyll is used in gymnosperms to denote male cones.

The reduction division takes place in Megasporangium, which divides to form 4 megaspores.

The seed coat, in case of gymnosperms, is derived from female sporophyte.

Vascular cambium is a secondary meristem tissue that produces secondary xylem (wood) and phloem (inner bark), resulting in growth in circumference or girth (B), not length. Length/height growth occurs through apical meristems at shoot and root tips (primary growth). The distinction between primary (length) and secondary (circumference) growth is fundamental to understanding plant development.