Botany and Plant Science

In Marchantia particularly it appears that only some of the spore mother cells (Sporocytes) which are diploid remain diploid and undergo change to form elaters. 
The other ( Majority of them ) undergo meiosis to form haploid spores. 
So in Marchantia the elaters are diploid. 

Merosity is a term that refers to the number of component parts in each whorl of the plant basically the flowers which include, sepals, petals, and stamens. the trimerous condition is a characteristic feature of monocots and is found in Liliaceae.
Walking fern refers to the species of Asplenium. Adiantum caudatum is walking maidenhair.
The vascular system of gymnosperms is made up of xylem with tracheids, parenchyma, and rays. vessels are however present in Gnetum, Ephedra having evolved from pitted tracheids. The phloem is made up of sieve cells but companion cells are absent.
Riccia and Marchantia are liverworts a belong to  the order Marchantiales. Thus, the correct answer is option E.

Bryophytes are dependent on water because the sperms can easily reach up to the egg in the archegonium. Thus, they are called as amphibians of the plant kingdom.

In Sphagnum, the pseudopodium is an elongated, stalk-like gametophytic branch tip that bears the sporogonium at its apex. It functions like a seta to elevate the capsule. This structure is derived from the gametophyte, not the sporophyte itself.

A leptoid is a type of elongated food conducting cell analogous to phloem in vascular plants. It is found in the stem-like structure of certain mosses, like those belonging to family Polytrichaceae. They surround strands of water and mineral conducting elements the hydroids, analogous to trachieds in vascular plants.

Riccia (a bryophyte), Dryopteris (a pteridophyte), and Cycas (a gymnosperm) all produce motile, flagellated male gametes (antherozoids). In contrast, angiosperms like Calotropis and Hydrilla, and certain algae like Spirogyra, do not have flagellated male gametes.

Dichotomous branching, where the growing point divides into two equal branches, is a characteristic feature of the thalloid liverworts (such as Riccia and Marchantia). Mosses like Funaria and higher vascular plants like Pinus show lateral branching instead.

Parenchyma is a type of simple permanent plant tissue, meaning it is composed of only one type of structurally and functionally similar cell. Complex tissues, such as xylem and phloem, are composed of multiple different cell types working together.

Pollination is the specific process of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma. This process is essential for fertilization and the subsequent production of seeds and fruit.

Spongy mesophyll cells are loosely packed and have highly irregular shapes to create air spaces for efficient gas exchange within the leaf. In contrast, palisade mesophyll cells are regularly shaped column-like cells, and epidermal cells form a continuous, tightly-packed protective layer.

Roots contain vascular tissues organized into a central vascular cylinder (or stele) rather than discrete, separated vascular bundles like those found in stems. Xylem, phloem, and root hair cells are all standard components found within root structures.

Stomata are microscopic pores found mainly on the epidermis of leaves. They regulate gas exchange (taking in carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen) and control water loss through transpiration.

Mobile elements can be translocated from older leaves to younger, growing parts of the plant. When a deficiency occurs, the plant moves the existing nutrient to the new growth, causing the older leaves to show the deficiency symptoms first.