Botany and Plant Science

Geitonogamy: The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of another flower borne by the same plant.

Xenogamy: Transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of another flower borne on a different plant but belonging to the same species.

Allogamy is the deposition of pollen grains from the anther of the one flower on the stigma of another flower, either in the same plant or in a different plant of the same species.

Homogamy: It is the condition in which flowers are bisexual anther and stigma mature at the same time to make self-pollination possible. Under this condition, the stigma receives the pollen grains from the anthers of the same flower by the agency of wind or insects.

 So, the correct answer is D.

Protogyny is the maturation of the stigma (female part) before the anthers (male part) in the same flower. Protandry is the opposite, where anthers mature first.

In Sporophytic Self-Incompatibility (SSI), pollen is typically 2-celled and rejected on the stigma. In Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility (GSI), pollen is typically 2-celled and rejected in the style.

Cleistogamy is the condition where flowers remain closed and undergo self-pollination internally. This adaptation is commonly observed in plants such as Commelina, Viola, and Oxalis.

Phloem is the vascular tissue responsible for the transport of sugars (produced by photosynthesis) from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

Vascular plants possess specialized tissues, specifically xylem and phloem, to transport water, minerals, and sugars throughout the plant. Nonvascular plants, such as mosses, lack these complex transport systems.

The plant organs are classified into vegetative structures that include leaf, root, stem etc and reproductive structures like the flower, fruits and seeds 

Apical cell theory by Nageli in 1858, stated that in large number of cryptogams single solitary cell has been found to form the growing point and it was supposed that similar condition exists in higher plants too. The presence of complex growing apices in higher plants cannot be explained by this theory. 
Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Scape is the stalk of the stem that attaches the flower to its inflorescence. Onion plants produce a leafless flowering stem which exhibits scape. These have 2-4 leaves that are circular and hollow in cross-section, easily flattened when young. Whereas Torus is the thickened part of the stem from which flower grows. The older name of the torus is thalamus. Pedicel is short flower stalk that attaches the flower to inflorescence.
Thus, the correct answer is option B.

Interfascicular cambium originates from the cells of the medullary rays located between adjacent vascular bundles, becoming meristematic to form a complete ring of vascular cambium during secondary growth in stems.

Bamboo, grass and mint stem elongate by the activity of Intercalary meristems. Intercalary meristem at base of leaves or nodes of grasses is responsible for primary growth. Meristems are classified by their location as apical located at root and shoot tips, lateral in the vascular and cork cambia, and intercalary at internodes, or stem regions between the places at which leaves attach and leaf bases. Intercalary meristem cells possess the ability to divide and produce new cells, as do apical and lateral meristems. They differ, however, in being situated between regions of mature tissue, such as at the base of grass leaves, which are themselves located on mature stem tissue.
Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Sagittaria is known for having an elongated reproductive apex, which is a specific morphological characteristic of its inflorescence development.

Cuticle is a protecting film covering the epidermis of leaves, young shoots and other aerial plant organs without periderm. 

Erect, unbranched stems with distinct nodes and internodes are called culms, nodes are swollen giving a jointed appearance. For example, bamboo.