Botany and Plant Science

Parthenocarpy is the specific term for the formation of fruit without fertilization, resulting in seedless fruit.

Hydrophily is pollination by water. Vallisneria is a classic example of a submerged aquatic plant that uses water currents to transport pollen to the female flowers.

In Funaria, the paraphyses are sterile, multicellular filaments found among the sex organs. They are characterized by having a globose (rounded) terminal cell.

The stomium is a specialized region of the sporangial wall in ferns like Dryopteris, where the wall is thin and ruptures to release spores.

Funaria is monoecious, meaning both male (antheridia) and female (archegonia) sex organs are present on the same plant body. Specifically, it is autoicous.

The gametophyte of a fern, known as the prothallus, is typically a small, green, heart-shaped structure that is independent and photosynthetic.

Archegonia in ferns secrete malic acid, which acts as a chemotactic agent to attract the male gametes (sperms) to the egg.

In the life cycle of a fern, the haploid spore germinates to form the prothallus, which is the gametophyte generation.

In pteridophytes, the sporophyte is diploid. Reductional division (meiosis) occurs within the sporangia during the formation of haploid spores.

The protonema is the juvenile, filamentous stage of the gametophyte in mosses like Funaria, which develops from the spore before the leafy gametophore is formed.

It is the smallest nematoblast which has a smooth thread tube that helps in glutination.

Intercalary meristem is involved in primary growth.

Chlorenchyma is a modification of parenchyma.

Sclerenchyma is present in the husk of coconut.

In angiosperms, double fertilization occurs where one male gamete fuses with the egg to form a zygote, and the other fuses with the two polar nuclei to form the primary endosperm nucleus (triploid).