Botany and Plant Science

The pollen grains are transferred from the anther to the stigma of the same flower. It occurs in bisexual flowers.

This is another important part of a flower .This is the second whorl. It is made up of 4,5 or 6 or more  petals . They are colorful,sweet smelling with nectar to attract insects and birds for pollination.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a common chemical agent used in plant tissue culture to induce the fusion of protoplasts.

Emasculation is a technique used in plant breeding to prevent self-pollination. It involves the removal of the anthers from a bisexual flower before they shed pollen.

In angiosperms, the pollen grain produces two male gametes. One fuses with the egg cell to form the zygote, and the other fuses with the central cell to form the endosperm.

Nastic movements are non-directional responses to stimuli, such as the opening and closing of flowers in response to light or temperature changes. Unlike tropic movements, they do not depend on the direction of the stimulus.

Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma, a process characteristic of seed-bearing plants, specifically Angiosperms and Gymnosperms.

Yucca plants have a highly specific, obligate mutualistic relationship with the Pronuba moth, which is the only agent that pollinates the Yucca flower.

Geitonogamy is the transfer of pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on the same plant. Genetically, it is self-pollination (same genotype), but ecologically, it is cross-pollination (requires a pollinating agent).

Entomophilous flowers are adapted to attract insects, so they are typically brightly coloured and scented to act as signals for pollinators.

Herkogamy (physical barriers), Dichogamy (temporal separation of sex organs), and Self-sterility (genetic incompatibility) are all mechanisms that prevent self-pollination.

Porogamy is the most common type of fertilization in angiosperms, where the pollen tube enters the ovule through the micropyle.

Cleistogamous flowers are bisexual flowers that never open, ensuring self-pollination. This is a reproductive assurance strategy. Homogamous means all flowers in inflorescence are same sex/age. Heterogamous means different types of flowers in inflorescence. Dichogamous refers to timing of sex organ maturity.

Geitonogamy is the transfer of pollen from one flower to another on the same plant, meaning the genetic material is identical.

Salvia flowers exhibit a specialized lever mechanism where an insect entering the flower pushes a lever that deposits pollen onto its back.